Botanical Description, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of the Genus Artabotrys: A Review

Abstract

Artabotrys is a genus of small trees in the family Annonaceae. This genus contained over 100 perennial medicinal plants available in the old world tropics. Artabotrys plants have a lengthy history of use in medicine for malaria, diarrhea, backache, and scrofula treatments, as well as some of which were used as tea-like beverages. About 90 reports were reviewed from inception to now, in which the decoctions of about 9 species were used in traditional folk medicines. With 234 isolated compounds, Artabotrys metabolites can be classified as alkaloids, terpenoids, sterols, flavonoids, polyoxygenated cyclohexenes, fatty acids, acetogenins, etc. Significantly, alkaloidal aporphines were separated and identified as the main isolates. Artabotrys plants are also rich in the essential oils. Especially, A. hexapetalus exerted a great role in perfumery industry. Artabotrys constituents possessed various pharmacological values, such as antioxidative, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and mosquito repellency, but cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities are the most striking features. In conclusion, Artabotrys plant extracts and their metabolites are of great socio-economic importance, thereby more and more phytochemical and pharmacological investigations are expected.

The Genus Cryptocarya: A Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities

“…It noted that inhibitors of enzymes AChE (acetylcholinesterase) and BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) were able to prolong the availability of acetylcholine, thereby developing potentials in Alzheimer's disease treatments [102–104] . Cryptocarya alkaloids, including (+) ‐N ‐nethyllaurotetanine ( 37 ), (+)‐nornantenine ( 42 ) (+)‐oridine ( 51 ), prodensiflorins A–B ( 52 – 53 ), atherosperminine ( 55 ), 2‐methoxyatherosperminine ( 58 ) (+)‐reticuline ( 80 ), (−)‐desmethylsecoantofine ( 96 ), and (−)‐desmethylsecoantofine N ‐oxide ( 97 ), have been subjected to biological tests against these two enzymes.…”

“…[33,43,50] The parts of C. phyllostemon seem a good alkaloidal resource. Besides, pavines and benzylisoquinolines, the acidic methanol extract of its leaf, fruit, twig and root was reported to encompass three new phenanthroindolizidines (À )phyllostemine ( 101), (À )-phyllosteminine (102), and (À )-phyllostone (103) and known one 95. [33] Pyrrocolines 105-110 are the last chemical class of alkaloids found in the genus Cryptocarya.…”

“…It noted that inhibitors of enzymes AChE (acetylcholinesterase) and BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) were able to prolong the availability of acetylcholine, thereby developing potentials in Alzheimer's disease treatments. [102][103][104] Cryptocarya alkaloids, including (+)-N-nethyllaurotetanine (37), (+)-nornantenine (42) (+)-oridine (51), prodensiflorins A-B (52-53), atherosperminine (55), 2-methoxyatherosperminine (58) (+)-reticuline ( 80), (À )-desmethylsecoantofine (96), and (À )-desmethylsecoantofine N-oxide (97), have been subjected to biological tests against these two enzymes. From these, akaloids aporphine 42, proaporphines 52-53, benzylisoquinoline 80, and phenanthroindolizidines 96-97 were active against enzyme AChE with the IC 50 values of 83.26-301.01 μM, whereas in the assay against enzyme BChE, the IC 50 values ranging from 3.95 to 288.34 μM were assigned to aporphines 37 and 42, proaporphine 51, phenantrenes 55 and 58, benzylisoquinoline 80, and phenanthroindolizidines 96-97.…”

Baeckea frutescensL.: A Review on Phytochemistry, Biosynthesis, Synthesis, and Pharmacology

“…Flavonoids are low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds that are found in a variety of higher plants. 35–37 As shown in Table 1 and Figure 2, flavonoids derived from B frutescens can be divided into flavones 69-94 5–11,28–30,32 and flavanones 95-102 . 9,12,13,21,24,29,31…”

“…Flavonoids are low-molecular-weight phenolic compounds that are found in a variety of higher plants. [35][36][37] As shown in Table 1 and Figure 2, flavonoids derived from B frutescens can be divided into flavones 69-94 [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][28][29][30]32 and flavanones 95-102. 9,12,13,21,24,29,31 Regarding flavones, 13 new derivatives, baeckeins A-M (69-81), were isolated from the roots and structurally determined from spectroscopic and mass spectrometric evidence.…”