Photocatalysis
is a promising pathway to degrade pollutants in
water. Although numerous photocatalysts have been developed to remove
organic dyes in water, the degradation of antibiotics is still a perplexing
problem due to their excellent stability. The hybrid photocatalyst
upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)/metal–organic framework (MOF)
has been developed with the aim to utilize the full solar light. However,
the low upconversion efficiency results in an unsatisfactory photocatalytic
activity. A novel core–shell–shell UCNP, NaYF4:Yb/Tm@NaYF4:Yb@NaYF4 (Tm@Yb@Y), is synthesized to increase the upconversion
efficiency. Both the active and inert shells are introduced in the
UCNPs, which not only are favorable to weaken the surface quenching
but also are helpful to prompt the energy transfer back. As a result,
the UC emission intensity is greatly improved as compared with Tm or Tm@Yb. Then, Tm@Yb@Y is combined with NH2-MIL101(Fe)
(NMF) to fabricate the novel photocatalyst Tm@Yb@Y/NMF. It exhibits an excellent photocatalytic
activity to degrade rhodamine B (RhB), levofloxacin (OFL), and tetracycline
hydrochloride (TC). The contribution of near infrared (NIR) light
and inert shell on the whole photocatalysis is considered. The possible
photodegradation mechanism is proposed according to the photoelectrochemical
measurements, free radical and hole trapping experiments, and pump
power dependence of upconversion emission intensities. The outstanding
performance of Tm@Yb@Y/NMF should
be attributed to the synergistic effect including the wider light
absorption range, increased UC emission intensity, and feasible electron–hole
separation.