Book Review: Levy, R. (2008). Yours for the Asking: An Indispensable Guide to Fundraising and Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons. 210 pp., $29.95. Burton, T. (2008). Naming Rights. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &amp; Sons. 256 pp., $45.00

Lindahl, Wesley E.

doi:10.1177/0899764008330585

Cited by 15 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…Given how widespread sterol synthesis is in eukaryotes, we had expected to detect more eukaryotic Osc sequences than bacterial sequences in metagenomic databases. However, it has been documented that metagenomic sequencing tends to recover few eukaryotic sequences in general (Lindahl and Kuske, 2013). Therefore, the low number of eukaryotic metagenomic sequences more likely reflects a limited number of eukaryotic sequences in metagenome databases rather than the true prevalence of eukaryotic sterol producers in the environment.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of sterol synthesis in bacteria

2016

Preprint

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20Sterols are essential components of eukaryotic cells whose biosynthesis and function in 21 eukaryotes has been studied extensively. Sterols are also recognized as the diagenetic precursors 22 of steranes preserved in sedimentary rocks where they can function as geological proxies for 23 eukaryotic organisms and/or aerobic metabolisms and environments. However, production of 24 these lipids is not restricted to the eukaryotic domain as a few bacterial species also synthesize 25 sterols. Phylogenomic studies have identified genes encoding homologs of sterol biosynthesis 26 proteins in the genomes of several additional species, indicating that sterol production may be 27 more widespread in the bacterial domain than previously thought. Although the occurrence of 28 sterol synthesis genes in a genome indicates the potential for sterol production, it provides 29 neither conclusive evidence of sterol synthesis nor information about the composition and 30 abundance of basic and modified sterols that are actually being produced. Here, we coupled 31 bioinformatics with lipid analyses to investigate the scope of bacterial sterol production. We 32 identified oxidosqualene cyclase (Osc), which catalyzes the initial cyclization of oxidosqualene 33 to the basic sterol structure, in 34 bacterial genomes from 5 phyla (Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, 34Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia) and in 176 metagenomes. Our data indicate that 35 bacterial sterol synthesis likely occurs in diverse organisms and environments and also provides 36 evidence that there are as yet uncultured groups of bacterial sterol producers. Phylogenetic 37 analysis of bacterial and eukaryotic Osc sequences revealed two potential lineages of the sterol 38 pathway in bacteria indicating a complex evolutionary history of sterol synthesis in this domain. We 39 characterized the lipids produced by Osc-containing bacteria and found that we could generally 40 predict the ability to synthesize sterols. However, predicting the final modified sterol based on our current 41 knowledge of bacterial sterol synthesis was difficult. Some bacteria produced demethylated and 42 saturated sterol products even though they lacked homologs of the eukaryotic proteins required 43 3 for these modifications emphasizing that several aspects of bacterial sterol synthesis are still completely 44 unknown. It is possible that bacteria have evolved distinct proteins for catalyzing sterol 45 modifications and this could have significant implications for our understanding of the 46 evolutionary history of this ancient biosynthetic pathway. 47 48 Sterols are tetracyclic triterpenoid lipids that are required by all eukaryotes for critical cellular 49 functions including maintaining membrane fluidity, phagocytosis, stress tolerance and cell 50 signaling (Bloch, 1991;Swan and Watson, 1998;Castoreno et al., 2005;Xu et al., 2005;Riobo, 51 2012). Studies on the biosynthesis of sterols in eukaryotes have revealed a variety of novel 52 biochemical reactions while molecular and cell bio...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of sterol synthesis in bacteria

2016

Preprint

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“…Issues arise if all DMs have assigned a probability density of zero to the event that occurred, leading to division by zero in equation (8), an invalid operation. Allocating probability densities of zero is advocated against by Cromwell’s Rule, 39 as it implies no amount of evidence will persuade the individual to change their mind. However, this problem will not often occur in practice; however, as in most DM distributions, there will always be a non-zero (if in some cases negligibly small) probability density of an event occurring.…”

Section: Pi Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability updating in linear opinion pooling for multiple decision makers

Bolger

Houlding

2016

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O:

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Accurate information sources are vital prerequisites for good decision making. In this thesis we consider a multiple participant setting, where all decision makers (DMs) have a collection of neighbours with whom they share their beliefs about some common relevant uncertain quantity. When determining which course of action to follow a DM takes into account all the information received from her neighbours. Over time, in light of the returns observed from choices made, DMs update their own beliefs over the uncertain event, and also adjust the degree of consideration that they afford to the opinions of each neighbour based on the level of reliability that the information they provide is ascertained to have. Much of this thesis is concerned with constructing a method that incorporates both of these learning facets in a dynamic fashion. This technique, termed the Plug-in approach, is motivated and derived, and attempts are made to justify its use by consideration of some attractive properties it obeys, in addition to studies conducted using both simulated and real data which compared its performance to some rational alternatives. Generalisations of this method are also provided to a setting where DMs specify their opinions nonparametrically rather than using probability distributions, as well as in a group setting where utilities as well as opinions must be amalgamated. Two subjective approaches are also briefly discussed, before we conclude with numerous suggestions for further research in this field.

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“…Communication is the primary means of stimulating action in disaster and crisis management. Timely and effective conveyance of information between stakeholders is essential to mitigation, preparedness and response (Lindell et al , 2007). The increased diversity that characterises global society has strong implications for this process.…”

Section: Translation Culture and Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A population that lacks proficiency in the dominant language is particularly vulnerable if it fails to understand directives and warnings (Shiu-Thornton et al , 2007; Vihalemm et al , 2012). Lindell et al (2007) suggested that there are cases in which the fragmentation of local communities is so great that it requires the translation of emergency information into all the languages that are spoken in the affected area. In addition, elderly people may have physical or mental limitations that restrict their ability to absorb information.…”

Section: Drivers Of Cascading Disasters: Translation As a Mediator Of Vulnerability Through Information Flowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of translators and interpreters in cascading crises and disasters

Alexander

Pescaroli

2019

DPM

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain the significance of cascading crises for translators and interpreters, and how their work may be affected by such events. It provides a theoretical basis for analysis and field practice. Design/methodology/approach The authors define cascades and explain how they influence the development of preparedness, mitigation and response. The authors identify key drivers of cascading crises and discuss how they challenge conventional approaches to emergency management. The authors discuss ways in which use of language could be a key factor in crisis escalation. The authors define priorities and operational challenges of cascading crises for translators and interpreters. In terms of methodology, this paper develops a conceptual framework that can be used for future enquiry and case history analysis. Findings The authors provide a qualitative description and synthesis of the key instructions to be used in the field. The authors offer a short list of key questions that can be referred to by linguists and scholars. The authors identify situations in which translation and interpretation are important ingredients in the success of emergency preparedness and response efforts. These include multilingual populations, migrant crises, international humanitarian deployment and emergency communication during infrastructure failures. Research limitations/implications This work has academic value for the process of understanding cascades and practical relevance in terms of how to deal with them. Practical implications Translators and interpreters need to understand cascading crises in order to be prepared for the challenges that such events will present. Social implications Society has become more complex and interconnected, with non-linear cascading escalation of secondary emergencies. Emergency planners and responders need to address this in new ways. Effective communication and information strategies are essential to the mitigation of cascading disaster risk. Originality/value The study of cascading crises from a socio-economic point of view is relatively new, but it is important because society is increasingly dependent on networks that can propagate failure of information supply.

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Book Review: Levy, R. (2008). Yours for the Asking: An Indispensable Guide to Fundraising and Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 210 pp., $29.95. Burton, T. (2008). Naming Rights. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 256 pp., $45.00

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of sterol synthesis in bacteria

Characterization of sterol synthesis in bacteria

Reliability updating in linear opinion pooling for multiple decision makers

The role of translators and interpreters in cascading crises and disasters

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