Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings.

Poulton, T B; Murphy, William D.; Duerk, Jeffrey L.; Chapek, C C; Feiglin, David

doi:10.2214/ajr.161.6.8249729

Cited by 89 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, additional fat-sensitive (e.g., T1-w SE) or fat-suppressing (e.g., TIRM) sequences are needed for correct image interpretation. Factors that are assumed to stimulate hematopoiesis include anemia, low oxygen tension, temperature, altered vascularity, and cigarette smoking (3,(11)(12)(13). Both erythropoietin and G-CSF have been shown to alter the MRI appearance of bone marrow consistent with hematopoietic hyperplasia (4,8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Opposedphase gradient-echo (GE) sequences are sensitive to changes of the fat-to-water ratio (9) and are therefore especially suitable for imaging bone marrow (10). Increased hematopoietic demand may lead to imaging findings consistent with hematopoietic hyperplasia due to anemia, low oxygen tension, or cigarette smoking (3,11,12). Shellock et al (11) found a high prevalence of hematopoietic hyperplasia on MR images of the distal femoral metaphysis in asymptomatic marathon runners.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of hematopoietic bone marrow in male professional cyclists by magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine

Altehoefer

Schmid

Büchert

et al. 2002

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose: To prospectively evaluate hematopoietic bone marrow of male professional cyclists in relation to performance data and laboratory data, and in comparison to age-matched healthy volunteers. Materials and Methods:Twenty male cyclists and 44 volunteers (27 males and 17 females) were prospectively studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high-field strength. A sagittal T1-weighted (T1-w) spin-echo (SE) sequence, a gradient-echo (GE) sequence with an echo time (TE) for out-of-phase (OOP) imaging, and a turbo inversionrecovery sequence with short inversion time (TIRM) for fat suppression was used. The averaged bone marrow signal intensity (SI) of three adjacent vertebrae was related to the signal of an adjacent nondegenerative disk. Results:The cyclists revealed a significantly different SI as compared to male volunteers in the OOP (0.34 Ϯ 0.14 vs. 0.28 Ϯ 0.09, P Ͻ 0.05) and T1-w sequences (1.62 Ϯ 0.19 vs. 1.77 Ϯ 0.30, P Ͻ 0.05). Only in TIRM was there a significant difference compared to female volunteers (0.36 Ϯ 0.08 vs. 0.44 Ϯ 0.04, P Ͻ 0.01). MRI data of cyclists did not correlate to hemoglobin, erythrocyte, or reticulocyte counts; ferritin, relative heart volume, relative maximal power (rPmax; W/kg bw), or relative maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max). A borderline linear correlation was found for hematocrit (OOP: r ϭ 0.42, P ϭ 0.06; TIRM: r ϭ 0.44, P ϭ 0.06). Conclusion:Bone marrow hyperplasia is observed in male professional cyclists in the axial skeleton. The MR findings are probably independent of mechanically induced marrow edema. A multifactorial cause must be considered, as single laboratory and performance data did not appear to contribute significantly to these results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of hematopoietic bone marrow in male professional cyclists by magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine

Altehoefer

Schmid

Büchert

et al. 2002

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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“…Benign conditions triggering reconversion include heavy smoking, long distance running, obesity, and middle age in women [8,9]. Chronic disorders resulting in anemia (such as hemoglobinopathies and chronic infection) are also associated with diffuse red marrow hyperplasia [10].…”

Section: Conversion Of Bone Marrowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in oncology, Part 1

Hwang

Panicek

2007

Skeletal Radiol

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Magnetic resonance imaging plays an integral role in the detection and characterization of marrow lesions, planning for biopsy or surgery, and post-treatment followup. To evaluate findings in bone marrow on MR imaging, it is essential to understand the normal composition and distribution of bone marrow and the changes in marrow that occur with age, as well as the basis for the MR signals from marrow and the factors that affect those signals. The normal distribution of red and yellow marrow in the skeleton changes with age in a predictable sequence. Important factors that affect MR signals and allow detection of marrow lesions include alterations in fat-water distribution, destruction of bony trabeculae, and contrast enhancement. This two-part article reviews and illustrates these issues, with an emphasis on the practical application of MR imaging to facilitate differentiation of normal marrow, tumor, and treatment-related marrow changes in oncology patients.

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“…We have found that patients with grade 0 and 1 were most common among all smoking and non-smoking patients. We have found that grade 2 and 3 were more frequent in female patients when compared to male patients (17). We think that blood loss due to menstruation may lead to reconversion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%