Bolivia and the Vicuña

Jungius, Hartmut

doi:10.1017/s0030605300010371

“…Current vicuña distribution and abundance is the result of population recovery programs established in response to 500 years of overexploitation (Yacobaccio, 2009) and near extinction in the 1960s (Wheeler and Laker, 2009). At the time of lowest population size only 6,000–10,000 vicuñas were left, widely distributed in low density, highly dispersed populations, with some small groups persisting at the species’ southern distribution range (Grimwood, 1969; Boswall, 1972; Jungius, 1972). Thanks to the establishment of national parks and reserves, the Andean Vicuña Convention agreement, and funds from international NGOs, the vicuña population notably increased to over 200,000 individuals in four decades (Wheeler, 2006), with the northern populations showing greater recovery than the southern ones (Wheeler and Laker, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography and Population Genetics of Vicugna vicugna: Evolution in the Arid Andean High Plateau

González

¹

,

Vásquez

²

,

Gomez‐Uchida

³

et al. 2019

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The vicuña ( Vicugna vicugna ) is the most representative wild ungulate of the high Andes of South America with two recognized morphological subspecies, V. v. mensalis in the north and V. v. vicugna in the south of its distribution. Current vicuña population size (460,000–520,000 animals) is the result of population recovery programs established in response to 500 years of overexploitation. Despite the vicuña’s ecosystemic, economic and social importance, studies about their genetic variation and history are limited and geographically restricted. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the genetic diversity of vicuña based on samples collected throughout its distribution range corresponding to eleven localities in Peru and five in Chile representing V. v. mensalis , plus four localities each in Argentina and Chile representing V. v. vicugna. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers show contrasting results regarding differentiation between the two vicuña types with mitochondrial haplotypes supporting subspecies differentiation, albeit with only a few mutational steps separating the two subspecies. In contrast, microsatellite markers show that vicuña genetic variation is best explained as an isolation by distance pattern where populations on opposite ends of the distribution present different allelic compositions, but the intermediate populations present a variety of alleles shared by both extreme forms. Demographic characterization of the species evidenced a simultaneous and strong reduction in the effective population size in all localities supporting the existence of a unique, large ancestral population (effective size ∼50,000 individuals) as recently as the mid-Holocene. Furthermore, the genetic variation observed across all localities is better explained by a model of gene flow interconnecting them rather than only by genetic drift. Consequently, we propose space “continuous” Management Units for vicuña as populations exhibit differentiation by distance and spatial autocorrelation linked to sex biased dispersal instead of population fragmentation or geographical barriers across the distribution.

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“…Au cours des déplacements de recherche alimentaire pendant la saison sèche, c'est la femelle adulte qui prend dans 100 % des cas l'initiative des sorties du harem hors du territoire du mâle. Ces données sont contraires à celles de Jungius (1972) qui observe que le mâle prend toujours la tête du groupe, mais concordent avec celle de Franklin (1971) . Nous ne connaissons pas les raisons de ces divergences dans les observations.…”

Section: Conduite Du Groupeunclassified

“…

F 35042 Rennes Cedex La Vigogne (Camélidé sud-américain) a toujours représenté un apport précieux pour les populations humaines des hauts pla teaux andins du Pérou, de la Bolivie, du nord du Chili et de l'extrême nord-ouest de l'Argentine. Sa laine, une des plus fines du monde, et sa viande étaient utilisées du temps des Incas et sa capture était alors sévèrement réglementée.Après une époque de régression des populations de vigognes, plus ou moins consécutive à la conquête espagnole, les pays concernés se sont inquiétés de la disparition de cette ressouree économique importante (Boswall, 1972 ; Braek-Egg, 1979 ; Gonza lez, 1972 ;Jungius, 1972) . Au cours d'une réunion internationale en septembre 1969, la Vigogne fut déelarée espèee en voie de dis parition et toute commercialisation interdite pour une période de dix ans reconductible (Convention de La PaZ).

…”

unclassified

“…Après une époque de régression des populations de vigognes, plus ou moins consécutive à la conquête espagnole, les pays concernés se sont inquiétés de la disparition de cette ressouree économique importante (Boswall, 1972 ; Braek-Egg, 1979 ; Gonza lez, 1972 ;Jungius, 1972) . Au cours d'une réunion internationale en septembre 1969, la Vigogne fut déelarée espèee en voie de dis parition et toute commercialisation interdite pour une période de dix ans reconductible (Convention de La PaZ).…”

unclassified

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Quelques aspects de la socioécologie de la Vigogne Lama vicugna

Ménard¹

1982

revec

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F 35042 Rennes Cedex La Vigogne (Camélidé sud-américain) a toujours représenté un apport précieux pour les populations humaines des hauts pla teaux andins du Pérou, de la Bolivie, du nord du Chili et de l'extrême nord-ouest de l'Argentine. Sa laine, une des plus fines du monde, et sa viande étaient utilisées du temps des Incas et sa capture était alors sévèrement réglementée.Après une époque de régression des populations de vigognes, plus ou moins consécutive à la conquête espagnole, les pays concernés se sont inquiétés de la disparition de cette ressouree économique importante (Boswall, 1972 ; Braek-Egg, 1979 ; Gonza lez, 1972 ;Jungius, 1972) . Au cours d'une réunion internationale en septembre 1969, la Vigogne fut déelarée espèee en voie de dis parition et toute commercialisation interdite pour une période de dix ans reconductible (Convention de La PaZ). En oe t obre 1979, Re v. Eco/. (Terre Vie), vol. 36, 1982 (1) La consommation fut estimée par l'observation de l'état des plantes. Elle fut ensuite affinée par l'analyse des fèces (Ménard, 1981 ).

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“…In fact, its abundance declined from approximately two million individuals to only a few thousand from the European conquest until the 1960s, due to hunting for their fine fiber [14,15]. At the time of the lowest population size, only 6000 to 10,000 vicuñas remained dispersed in small groups, with most local populations extirpated and only 17% of their original area occupied [16][17][18][19]. This situation was reversed thanks to the establishment of national parks and reserves, the signing of the Vicuña Convention and the provision of funds by international NGOs to finance its protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological Connectivity of Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) in a Remote Area of Chile and Conservation Implications

Mata,

González,

Donoso

et al. 2024

Land

0

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Ecological connectivity is key for the long-term viability of species and is necessary when facing disturbance or global change, and geospatial analysis tools are key to exploring it with conservation aims. The vicuña is an ungulate endemic from South American highlands that faced extinction risk fifty years ago and is now slowly expanding and increasing in numbers. At present, it has a patchy distribution that may partially reflect connectivity limitations, an issue which can be key for its conservation under climate change. We developed a habitat suitability model using MaxEnt and location data of vicuñas in the Tarapacá region (Northern Chile), combined with spatial layers derived from remotely sensed imagery. We then used these results as the basis for a cost surface layer, and we examined habitat connectivity using least-cost and graph theory methods. Results showed the relevance for the species of habitat patches in the Southern part of the study area, out of protected areas, and the fact that ecological connectivity relies mainly on the intra-patch and flux components. These results should guide conservation actions for the species in the area and exemplify the relevance of remote sensing and geospatial models in the study of remote areas.

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Bolivia and the Vicuña

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Phylogeography and Population Genetics of Vicugna vicugna: Evolution in the Arid Andean High Plateau

Phylogeography and Population Genetics of Vicugna vicugna: Evolution in the Arid Andean High Plateau

Quelques aspects de la socioécologie de la Vigogne Lama vicugna

Ecological Connectivity of Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) in a Remote Area of Chile and Conservation Implications

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