Body Mass Index, Lean Mass, and Body Fat Percentage as Mediators of the Relationship between Milk Consumption and Bone Health in Young Adults

Torres‐Costoso, Ana; López-Muñoz, Purificación; Ferri-Morales, Asunción; Bravo-Morales, Elisabeth; Martínez‐Vizcaíno, Vicente; Garrido‐Miguel, Miriam

doi:10.3390/nu11102500

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…It is well acknowledged that osteoporosis and sarcopenia are aging-related symptoms; our analysis reveals the close relationship between osteoporosis and sarcopenia, keeping good consistency with previous results [9, 20]. However, most previous endeavors focused more on BMD other than bone mass [20, 21], this work clearly showed that both BMD and bone mass were positively related with SMI. Comprehensive evaluation of bone mass and BMD at multiple sites was rarely available in previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Relationship between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Bone Mass at Different Sites in Older Adults

Chen¹,

Wu²,

Ren³

et al. 2022

Ann Nutr Metab

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Introduction: It has been well recognized that sarcopenia is closely related with osteoporosis, while the relationship between bone mass at different sites and muscle mass remains largely unexplored. This study aims to explore the relationship between bone mass at different sites and skeletal muscle mass in older adults. Methods: A total of 228 patients over 65 years old were enrolled in this study, then 180 valid participants with accessible Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scanning data and absence of malignant tumors, mobility disorders, serious liver and kidney disease, and cardiac insufficiency, were selected (138 male and 42 female). These individuals were further divided into control group and low skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) group. DXA scanning was used to access skeletal muscle mass and bone mass. SMI or body mass index (BMI) was defined as appendicular muscle mass or weight divided by squared height, respectively. Low SMI < 7. 0 kg /m2 in male or < 5.4 kg /m2 in female was defined as low SMI; while the bone density score at or below 2.5 standard deviations (SD, T-score) below normal peak bone values, was regarded as osteoporosis. Results: The average age of enrolled patients was 82.72 years, the ratios of osteoporosis, low SMI and low SMI with osteoporosis were 48.8%, 23.3% and 15.0%, respectively. Compared with the control group, the prevalence of osteoporosis was higher, and the total bone mass and bone mass at various sites including limbs, spine and pelvis, were all lower in low SMI group. Correlation analysis showed that SMI was positively related with total bone mass and bone mass at various sites. Covariance analysis showed that only total bone mass and appendicular bone mass decreased with decreasing SMI. After multiple adjustment, osteoporosis was positively related with the prevalence of low SMI, as evidenced by logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.33, 95% confidential interval: 1.04-3.24, P = 0.045). Furthermore, compared with the highest quartile of appendicular bone mass, the lowest quartile was related with the increasing prevalence of low SMI (odds ratio = 7.29, 95% confidential interval: 1.21-67.45, P = 0.042). Conclusion: Compared with the other sites, the bone mass reduction at limbs of older adults was positively associated with skeletal muscle loss. It may be more beneficial to increase bone mass at the limbs for improved sarcopenia prevention and therapy. Further investigations are needed to explore the effects of other confounders (e.g. energy, calcium and vitamin D intake and physical activity) on the osteoporosis and sarcopenia in older adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Relationship between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Bone Mass at Different Sites in Older Adults

Chen¹,

Wu²,

Ren³

et al. 2022

Ann Nutr Metab

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“…The Ethics Committee approved the study protocol, including informed consent and permissions documents. The methods used for this research have been previously employed [24,25].…”

Section: The Study Design and Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “Fat but Fit” Paradigm and Bone Health in Young Adults: A Cluster Analysis

et al. 2021

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The fat but fit paradox has suggested that obese individuals with good fitness levels have lower cardiometabolic risk compared to individuals with normal weight but lower fitness levels. This paradigm has not been explored in the context of bone health. The aim of this study was to test whether categories of fat but fit paradigm assessed by body fat percentage and handgrip strength holds up in young adults and to analyze the relationship between fat but fit categories and bone outcomes. Cluster cross-sectional analyses of data from 499 young adults aged 18 to 30 from Toledo and Cuenca, Spain were conducted. Body fat percentage, handgrip strength, bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and dietary nutrients such as, proteins, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and vitamin D were assessed. Cluster analysis of body fat percentage and handgrip z scores resulted in a classification of four clusters that could be interpreted according to Fat Unfit (FU), Unfat Unfit (UU), Fat Fit (FF) and Unfat Fit (UF) categories. ANCOVA models showed that young adults in clusters with higher handgrip strength levels (FF, UF) and with higher key bone nutrients levels (UF) had significantly higher total BMC values than their peers in the UU and FU cluster categories, after controlling for sex, age and height. This study provides two novel conclusions in relation to the fat but fit paradigm: first, it confirms the construct of the four clusters of body fat percentage and handgrip strength, and second, it reinforces the predictive validity of the fat but fit paradigm categories, indicating the positive effect, although it may not just be a causal relationship, of muscular strength and key bone nutrients on counteracting the negative effect of obesity on bone health.

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“…Studies targeting adolescents have reported that the intake of dairy products, such as milk, increases bone density [38]. In contrast, other studies showed no direct relationship between milk intake and bone mineral density or bone fracture risk [39,40]. Notably, osteoporosis prevention requires the balancing of various associated factors and not simply the intake of an adequate amount of calcium [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lifestyle Factors and Health Awareness for Improving Bone Density Acquisition in Adolescent Girls: A Pilot Study With Secondary Data

Yoshihara,

Kawasaki,

Cui

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Objectives: Adolescent girls are in an important life stage of peak bone mass (PBM) acquisition. We aimed to examine the provision of health guidance for female high school students and elucidate the factors that can increase bone density.Design: A quantitative, cross-sectional analysis was used in conducting the study.Sample: Sixty Japanese female first-year high school students comprised the study sample.Measurements: We included secondary data from a bone mineral density survey conducted among female high school students in August 2016 and analyzed in 2023.Results: Thirty participants each (age, mean±SD, 15.80±0.45 years) were assigned to the high and low bone stiffness groups. The high bone stiffness group had higher health awareness, better lifestyle habits, and higher club activity-related stress than the low bone stiffness group.Conclusions: Lifestyle factors and health awareness improved bone density in adolescent girls. Items related to exercise were particularly important for improving bone density. Eating habits and health awareness also affected bone density. Adolescent women should recognize that adolescence is a critical period for lifelong health, a period with few opportunities to develop health awareness. Acquiring appropriate lifestyle habits during adolescence can help prevent bone density loss.

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Body Mass Index, Lean Mass, and Body Fat Percentage as Mediators of the Relationship between Milk Consumption and Bone Health in Young Adults

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

The Relationship between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Bone Mass at Different Sites in Older Adults

The Relationship between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Bone Mass at Different Sites in Older Adults

The “Fat but Fit” Paradigm and Bone Health in Young Adults: A Cluster Analysis

Lifestyle Factors and Health Awareness for Improving Bone Density Acquisition in Adolescent Girls: A Pilot Study With Secondary Data

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