Body mass does not reflect the body composition changes in response to similar physical training in young women and men

Foulis, Stephen A.; Hughes, Julie M.; Walker, Leila A.; Guerriere, Katelyn I.; Taylor, Kathryn M.; Proctor, Susan P.

doi:10.1038/s41366-020-00730-0

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The FEW were much more comparable to 42 Swedish Olympic power athletes tested by Eklund et al (20), with reported means of 19.3% (%BF), 49.4 ± 5.9 kg (FFM), and 1.28 ± 0.07 g·cm −2 (BMD). Compared with previous soldier studies in females, the FEW were substantially leaner than the mean 28% to 29%BF, had substantially higher FFM (averages of 41–44 kg), and demonstrated higher aerobic fitness (averages of 38–40 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ) (25–28). Compared with means reported for White women age 25 to 30 yr in the NHANES sample, BMI was lower (26.8 ± 0.3 kg·m −2 ), %BF was much lower (36.0 ± 7.2), while FFMI (15.8 ± 2.1 kg·m −2 ) and BMD (1.11 ± 0.08) were substantially higher (29,30).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

McClung¹,

Spiering

Bartlett³

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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IntroductionThis study characterized a sample of the first women to complete elite United States (US) military training.MethodsTwelve female graduates of the US Army Ranger Course and one of the first Marine Corps Infantry Officers Course graduates participated in 3 d of laboratory testing including serum endocrine profiles, aerobic capacity, standing broad jump, common soldiering tasks, Army Combat Fitness Test, and body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, three-dimensional body surface scans, and anthropometry).ResultsThe women were 6 months to 4 yr postcourse graduation, 30 ± 6 yr (mean ± SD); height, 1.67 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 69.4 ± 8.2 kg; body mass index, 25.0 ± 2.3 kg·m−2. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry relative fat was 20.0% ± 2.0%; fat-free mass, 53.0 ± 5.9 kg; fat-free mass index, 20.0 ± 1.7 kg·m−2; bone mineral content, 2.75 ± 0.28 kg; bone mineral density, 1.24 ± 0.07 g·cm−2; aerobic capacity, 48.2 ± 4.8 mL·kg−1·min−1; total Army Combat Fitness Test score 505 ± 27; standing broad jump 2.0 ± 0.2 m; 123 kg casualty drag 0.70 ± 0.20 m·s−1, and 4 mile 47 kg ruck march 64 ± 6 min. All women were within normal healthy female range for circulating androgens. Physique from three-dimensional scan demonstrated greater circumferences at eight of the 11 sites compared with the standard military female.ConclusionsThese pioneering women possessed high strength and aerobic capacity, low %BF; high fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, and bone mass and density; and they were not virilized based on endocrine measures as compared with other reference groups. This group is larger in body size and leaner than the average Army woman. These elite physical performers seem most comparable to female competitive strength athletes.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

McClung¹,

Spiering

Bartlett³

et al. 2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

Self Cite

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“…Following 22‐week IMT, FM decreased and FFM increased despite resulting in no net change in body mass. The positive body composition changes observed in the current study are consistent with previous investigations (Foulis et al, 2021; Margolis et al, 2012; Pasiakos et al, 2012; Williams, 2005). Given the effects of exercise training (Kraemer et al, 1988; Wilmore, 1996) alongside the modest negative shift in estimated energy balance and lack of change in estimated energy and protein intake in the current study, the positive changes in body composition are likely an adaptive response to the quantity and intensity of physical activity during the training.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…U.S. Army initial military training (IMT) represents the first component of occupational skill development and physical fitness training for Soldiers entering service. Previous studies demonstrate that the physical training component of IMT improves body composition by increasing fat‐free mass (FFM) and decreasing fat mass (FM), or a combination of the two (Foulis et al, 2021; Margolis et al, 2012; Nindl et al, 2011; Pasiakos et al, 2012; Williams, 2005). These changes are likely an adaptation to increased physical activity through both aerobic‐ and resistance‐based exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial military training modulates serum fatty acid and amino acid metabolites

Gwin

Hatch-McChesney

Pitts

et al. 2022

Physiological Reports

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Initial military training (IMT) results in increased fat‐free mass (FFM) and decreased fat mass (FM). The underlying metabolic adaptations facilitating changes in body composition during IMT are unknown. The objective of this study was to assess changes in body composition and the serum metabolome during 22‐week US Army IMT. Fifty‐four volunteers (mean ± SD; 22 ± 3 year; 24.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2) completed this longitudinal study. Body composition measurements (InBody 770) and blood samples were collected under fasting, rested conditions PRE and POST IMT. Global metabolite profiling was performed to identify metabolites involved in energy, carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism (Metabolon, Inc.). There was no change in body mass (POST‐PRE; 0.4 ± 5.1 kg, p = 0.59), while FM decreased (−1.7 ± 3.5 kg, p < 0.01), and FFM increased (2.1 ± 2.8 kg, p < 0.01) POST compared to PRE IMT. Of 677 identified metabolites, 340 differed at POST compared to PRE (p < 0.05, Q < 0.10). The majority of these metabolites were related to fatty acid (73%) and amino acid (26%) metabolism. Increases were detected in 41% of branched‐chain amino acid metabolites, 53% of histidine metabolites, and 35% of urea cycle metabolites. Decreases were detected in 93% of long‐chain fatty acid metabolites, while 58% of primary bile acid metabolites increased. Increases in amino acid metabolites suggest higher rates of protein turnover, while changes in fatty acid metabolites indicate increased fat oxidation, which likely contribute changes in body composition during IMT. Overall, changes in metabolomics profiles provide insight into metabolic adaptions underlying changes in body composition during IMT.

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“…Теорія та методика фізичного виховання. Том 21, № 2 sotskaya et Foulis et al, 2021) confirmed data about the expediency of using body type indicators as a criterion for the differentiation in the process of physical education. However, these works do not reveal the features of differentiated approaches to aqua fitness classes with women of the first period of adulthood with different body types.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Dynamics of Body Type Indicators of Adult Women Under the Influence of Aqua Fitness

Pirohova¹,

Мyкytchyk²,

ROKUTOV³

et al. 2021

Teor. metod. fiz. vihov.

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The study purpose was to determine the effectiveness of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes with women of the first period of adulthood. Materials and methods. 30 adult women, whose average age was 30.57 years, took part in the study. The study was conducted during 2019-2020. Anthropometric measurements included body length, body weight, chest, shoulder, calf, thigh, waist, buttocks and wrist circumferences. To determine the overweight we calculated the body mass index. Measurements were taken at the end of each mesocycle of wellness training. Statistical analysis covered determination of mean, standard deviation, reliability of the differences (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Results. The effectiveness of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes was proven by improvement of women’s body type. By the end of the study, there were no women with obesity class II and underweight. The number of women with obesity class I decreased by 3.33%. The number of women with normal body weight increased by 13.37%. Conclusions. The implementation of a differentiated approach to aqua fitness classes with adult women has significantly corrected their body proportions. This allows recommending a differentiated approach according to a body type to implement into aqua fitness classes.

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Body mass does not reflect the body composition changes in response to similar physical training in young women and men

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

Physical and Physiological Characterization of Female Elite Warfighters

Initial military training modulates serum fatty acid and amino acid metabolites

Dynamics of Body Type Indicators of Adult Women Under the Influence of Aqua Fitness

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