“…Many studies have investigated the effect of VATA on diabetes ( 4–8 , 10 , 11 , 33 , 35 – 37 ), and some studies on SFA and diabetes ( 6 , 9 , 35 – 37 ), they are limited to (1) single race/ethnicity ( 4 – 8 , 33 ), (2) estimation of fat distribution instead of direct measures ( 10 , 11 ). Although some previous studies examined racial/ethnic specific relationship between fat distribution and diabetes, they were conducted among adults 60 years or older ( 35 – 37 ), who may differ in insulin resistance than adults less than 60 years of age ( 38 ). Most importantly, VATA and SFA was not independently examined even though previous research suggested that they have different deleterious impact on insulin sensitivity ( 17 ), and muscle mass was not adjusted despite its positive influence on blood glucose regulation ( 28 – 31 ).…”