BMP-2 Delivery through Liposomes in Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Bone regeneration is a central focus of maxillofacial research, especially when dealing with dental implants or critical sized wound sites. While bone has great regeneration potential, exogenous delivery of growth factors can greatly enhance the speed, duration, and quality of osseointegration, making a difference in a patient’s quality of life. Bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a highly potent growth factor that acts as a recruiting molecule for mesenchymal stromal cells, induces a rapid differentiation of them into osteoblasts, while also maintaining their viability. Currently, the literature data shows that the liposomal direct delivery or transfection of plasmids containing BMP-2 at the bone wound site often results in the overexpression of osteogenic markers and result in enhanced mineralization with formation of new bone matrix. We reviewed the literature on the scientific data regarding BMP-2 delivery with the help of liposomes. This may provide the ground for a future new bone regeneration strategy with real chances of reaching clinical practice.

Drug Delivery Systems in Regenerative Medicine: An Updated Review

“…For instance, the delivery of genes encoding osteogenic growth factors, such as TGF-B and BMP, is becoming one of the clinically relevant applications for bone regeneration. These strategies can help initiate progenitor cell differentiation and regulate the pathways related to stimulating new bone formation and maturation [ 169 ]. It has been reported that the microtubule-stabilizing agent paclitaxel (PTX) can reduce scarring and improve axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.…”

Harnessing Nucleic Acids Nanotechnology for Bone/Cartilage Regeneration

“…In vivo, a study on pigs where calvarial bone defects were created and revealed completely with the application of liposome/BMP-2 carrier. [132] Gene-activated matrix (GAM) gives an available method to address the limitation of short half-life and easy degeneration in growth factors materials. A novel GAM system (PEI/pBMP-2-HA/CS-MS) composed of PEI/pBMP-2 and hydroxyapatite/ chitosan-microspheres (HA/CS-MS) has an intensive bone regeneration capacity.…”

“…PEI/pBMP-2-HA/CS-MS promotes the angiogenic and osteogenic function of BMSCs. [132,133] Plasmid DNA encoding TGF-β1 induced BMSCs differentiating into chondrocytes. Plasmid DNA encoding TGF-β1 encapsulated in chitosan gelatin complexes further enhanced cartilage repair.…”

The Delivery and Activation of Growth Factors Using Nanomaterials for Bone Repair

“…Liposomes protect their core contents through a hydrated phospholipid bilayer and provide protection against both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs [ 107 ]. The use of liposome-loaded EGF has long been shown to promote bone regeneration in the rat alveolus [ 108 ], and there have also been many studies focusing on the delivery of BMP-2 in liposomes [ 109 ]. Li et al synthesized a non-phospholipid liposome nanoparticle and loaded a smoothened agonist into the nanoparticle, which was then modified by coating the surface of the bone implant.…”