BMP-2 and type I collagen preservation in human deciduous teeth after demineralization

Abstract

Background: Great interest has recently been focused on tooth and tooth derivatives as suitable substrates for the treatment of alveolar bone defects. Here, we propose the use of demineralized baby teeth (BT) as potential grafting materials for bone augmentation procedures. Methods: Particles of human BT (Ø < 1 mm) were demineralized by means of a chemical/thermal treatment. Demineralized BT particles were thoroughly characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analyses to evaluate the effects of the demineralization on BT topography and mineral phase composition, and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to quantify collagen and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) protein contents. The response of SAOS-2 cells to exogenous BMP-2 stimulation was evaluated to identify the minimum BMP-2 concentration able to induce osteodifferentiation in vitro (alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity). Results: The demineralization treatment led to a dramatic decrease in relative Ca and P content (%) of ≈75% with respect to the native BT particles, while preserving native protein conformation and activity. Interestingly, the demineralization process led to a rise in the bioavailability of BMP-2 in BT particles, as compared to the untreated counterparts. The BMP-2 content found in demineralized BT was also proved to be very effective in enhancing ALP activity, thus in the osteodifferentiation of SAOS-2 cells in vitro, as confirmed by cell experiments performed upon exogenously added BMP-2. Conclusions: In this study we demonstrate that the BMP-2 content found in demineralized BT is very effective in inducing cell osteodifferentiation, and strengthens the idea that BTs are very attractive bioactive materials for bonegrafting procedures.

Bio-Morphological Reaction of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts to Different Types of Dentinal Derivates: In Vitro Study

“…Both these components have been found to play a key role in the osteoconductive and osteoinductive processes [21,23].…”

Autologous Deciduous Tooth-Derived Material for Alveolar Ridge Preservation: A Clinical and Histological Case Report

“…In 2018, Bono et al [12] described that deciduous teeth could be used as grafting materials in bone augmentation procedures. They also shed light on the effects of demineralization on deciduous teeth material, evaluating whether or not collagen and BMP-2 protein contents were preserved after the chemical treatment.…”

Clinical application of autogenous demineralized dentin matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic‐2 for socket preservation: A case series

“…The quantity of endogenous BMP in extracted teeth was very small or nil compared with that of the cortical bone (<1 μg/kg) . Recently, Nina Bono reported that demineralized deciduous tooth contained 1.2 ± 0.3 ng of BMP‐2 per g of tooth particles …”

“…10,11 Recently, Nina Bono reported that demineralized deciduous tooth contained 1.2 AE 0.3 ng of BMP-2 per g of tooth particles. 12 The physical properties of dentin, including density, roughness, and homogeneity, and its physiochemical characteristics, including dissolution of calcium/phosphate ions, are similar to those of human cortical bone. 13 Structurally, the dentin matrix consists of dentinal tubules measuring 1-3 μm in diameter with a porosity of 3.70%-5.88% that can be increased by demineralization.…”