BMAA detected as neither free nor protein bound amino acid in blue mussels

Rosén, Johan; Westerberg, Erik; Schmiedt, Sebastian; Hellenäs, Karl-Erik

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.11.008

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Although free BMAA can slowly be released from bound forms during extraction with dilute acid at low temperatures [89], we do not expect that this process has substantially added to the free BMAA concentration we found as our handling times during TCA extraction were short (less than one hour).…”

Section: Bmaa Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Whether it is the same low molecular weight, non-protein/peptide precursor as found in mussels [89] is unknown. Further work is needed to identify the structure(s) of this precursor, and to optimize its extraction, as milder methods than the 6 M HCl liquid hydrolysis used in this study have been shown to release soluble bound BMAA in mussels [89].…”

Section: Bmaa Fractionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The precursors of these bound forms still need to be identified. The structure of soluble bound BMAA is unknown, but in mussels, it appears to be a low molecular weight (< 3000 Da) compound in which BMAA is not bound with covalent peptide bonds [89]. And although precipitated bound BMAA is often referred to as "protein-associated" BMAA, the exact nature of the association of BMAA with proteins in natural tissues also needs to be elucidated.…”

Section: Chemical Properties Of Bmaamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total BMAA content of a sample is usually obtained by hydrolysis of the total sample (Figure 7.1). The precursor(s) of soluble bound BMAA have not been elucidated yet, but recently it was suggested that in mussels, soluble bound BMAA might not be bound to a peptide or protein [89]. The precursor(s) of the precipitated bound BMAA fraction are also unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vitro, BMAA can be incorporated into proteins and can be associated to proteins through non-covalent bonding [65,90], but in vivo experiments with bacteria do not show protein incorporation [91]. Only few studies look at soluble bound BMAA in an isolated fraction (e.g., [89,92,103,198]). In studies where total BMAA (i.e., hydrolysis of the total sample) is (also) determined, ignoring soluble bound BMAA does not lead to an underestimation of the total BMAA concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The neurotoxin BMAA in aquatic systems : analysis, occurrence and effects

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Handbook of Cyanobacterial Monitoring and Cyanotoxin Analysis

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Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation

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Cyanobacteria were present on the earth 3.5 billion years ago; since then they have colonized almost all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They produce a high number of bioactive molecules, among which some are cyanotoxins. Cyanobacterial growth at high densities, forming blooms, is increasing in extension and frequency, following anthropogenic activities and climate changes, giving rise to some concern for human health and animal life exposed to cyanotoxins. Numerous cases of lethal poisonings have been associated with cyanotoxins ingestion in wild animal and livestock. In humans few episodes of lethal or severe human poisonings have been recorded after acute or short-term exposure, but the repeated/chronic exposure to low cyanotoxin levels remains a critical issue. The properties of the most frequently detected cyanotoxins (namely, microcystins, nodularins, cylindrospermopsin and neurotoxins) are here critically reviewed, describing for each toxin the available information on producing organisms, biosynthesis/genetic and occurrence, with a focus on the toxicological profile (including kinetics, acute systemic toxicity, mechanism and mode of action, local effects, repeated toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity; human health effects and epidemiological studies; animal poisoning) with the derivation of health-based values and considerations on the risks for human health.

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BMAA detected as neither free nor protein bound amino acid in blue mussels

Cited by 37 publications

References 32 publications

The neurotoxin BMAA in aquatic systems : analysis, occurrence and effects

The neurotoxin BMAA in aquatic systems : analysis, occurrence and effects

Extraction and LC‐MS/MS Analysis of Underivatised BMAA

Cyanotoxins: producing organisms, occurrence, toxicity, mechanism of action and human health toxicological risk evaluation

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