Extraction and LC‐MS/MS Analysis of Underivatised
            <scp>BMAA</scp>

Faassen, Elisabeth J.

doi:10.1002/9781119068761.ch55

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The total BMAA fraction was evaluated here, comprising the free BMAA, soluble in sample supernatant, and the BMAA associated/bound to proteins or peptides of low molecular weight that requires tissue hydrolysis to be extracted [ 44 ]. Total BMAA was detected in all hemolymph samples.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects on the Immune Cells of the Freshwater Bivalve Dreissena polymorpha Exposed to the Environmental Neurotoxin BMAA

Lepoutre

Milliote

Bonnard

et al. 2018

Toxins

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The environmental neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has been pointed out to be involved in human neurodegenerative diseases. This molecule is known to be bioaccumulated by bivalves. However, little data about its toxic effects on freshwater mussels is available, particularly on the hemolymphatic compartment and its hemocyte cells involved in various physiological processes such as immune defenses, digestion and excretion, tissue repair, and shell production. Here we exposed Dreissena polymorpha to dissolved BMAA, at the environmental concentration of 7.5 µg of /mussel/3 days, during 21 days followed by 14 days of depuration in clear water, with the objective of assessing the BMAA presence in the hemolymphatic compartment, as well as the impact of the hemocyte cells in terms of potential cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxiciy. Data showed that hemocytes were in contact with BMAA. The presence of BMAA in hemolymph did not induce significant effect on hemocytes phagocytosis activity. However, significant DNA damage on hemocytes occurred during the first week (days 3 and 8) of BMAA exposure, followed by an increase of hemocyte mortality after 2 weeks of exposure. Those effects might be an indirect consequence of the BMAA-induced oxidative stress in cells. However, DNA strand breaks and mortality did not persist during the entire exposure, despite the BMAA persistence in the hemolymph, suggesting potential induction of some DNA-repair mechanisms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After being freeze-dried, tissues of 2 individuals were pooled. Total BMAA extraction was done according to previous studies [ 44 ]. Briefly, after the addition of D 3 BMAA as an internal standard, samples were dried under vacuum then hydrolyzed for 20 h at 105 °C after the addition of 6 M HCl.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects on the Immune Cells of the Freshwater Bivalve Dreissena polymorpha Exposed to the Environmental Neurotoxin BMAA

Lepoutre

Milliote

Bonnard

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…Extraction of total, free, soluble bound and precipitated bound BMAA was performed as described in the literature [31]. 5.3.1.…”

Section: Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As described in the literature [31], 12.5 mg of freeze-dried tissues were spiked with 40 µL D 3 BMAA in 20 mmol/L HCl, dried under a vacuum and extracted twice with 600 µL 0.1 M trichloroacetic acid (TCA). After centrifugation with spin filters, the sample was split into two fractions: one part of the supernatant was used for the extraction of free BMAA.…”

Section: Free and Soluble Bound Bmaamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there no data yet on the precursors of these fractions [29], although some authors suggested that BMAA binding to molecules requires the involvement of biological processes [30], each fraction requiring a different extraction procedure [29]. In addition, the total BMAA encompassing the free, soluble bound and precipitated bound fractions, can be directly quantified by an extraction with HCl [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How the Neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-l-Alanine Accumulates in Bivalves: Distribution of the Different Accumulation Fractions among Organs

Lepoutre

Faassen

Zweers

et al. 2020

Toxins

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The environmental neurotoxin β-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) may represent a risk for human health. BMAA accumulates in freshwater and marine organisms consumed by humans. However, few data are available about the kinetics of BMAA accumulation and detoxification in exposed organisms, as well as the organ distribution and the fractions in which BMAA is present in tissues (free, soluble bound or precipitated bound cellular fractions). Here, we exposed the bivalve mussel Dreissena polymorpha to 7.5 µg of dissolved BMAA/mussel/3 days for 21 days, followed by 21 days of depuration in clear water. At 1, 3, 8, 14 and 21 days of exposure and depuration, the hemolymph and organs (digestive gland, the gills, the mantle, the gonad and muscles/foot) were sampled. Total BMAA as well as free BMAA, soluble bound and precipitated bound BMAA were quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. Free and soluble bound BMAA spread throughout all tissues from the first day of exposure to the last day of depuration, without a specific target organ. However, precipitated bound BMAA was detected only in muscles and foot from the last day of exposure to day 8 of depuration, at a lower concentration compared to free and soluble bound BMAA. In soft tissues (digestive gland, gonad, gills, mantle and muscles/foot), BMAA mostly accumulated as a free molecule and in the soluble bound fraction, with variations occurring between the two fractions among tissues and over time. The results suggest that the assessment of bivalve contamination by BMAA may require the quantification of total BMAA in whole individuals when possible.

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A Single Laboratory Validation for the Analysis of Underivatized β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA)

2019

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Extraction and LC‐MS/MS Analysis of Underivatised BMAA

Cited by 5 publications

References 10 publications

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects on the Immune Cells of the Freshwater Bivalve Dreissena polymorpha Exposed to the Environmental Neurotoxin BMAA

Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects on the Immune Cells of the Freshwater Bivalve Dreissena polymorpha Exposed to the Environmental Neurotoxin BMAA

How the Neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-l-Alanine Accumulates in Bivalves: Distribution of the Different Accumulation Fractions among Organs

A Single Laboratory Validation for the Analysis of Underivatized β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA)

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