Blood-typing and irregular antibody screening through multi-channel microfluidic discs with surface antifouling modification

Abstract

A novel surface modification technology for microfluidic disks was developed for multichannel blood-typing detection and irregular antibody screening. The antifouling material, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), was used to modify the surface of the microfluidic disk for improving its hydrophilicity and blood compatibility. With the modification of PEGMA, the hydrophilicity was sufficiently improved with a 44.5% reduction of water contact angle. The modified microfluidic disk also showed good biocompatibility with a reduction of hemolytic index (from 3.4% to 1.2%) and platelet adhesion (from 4.6 × 10 4 /cm 2 to 1.9 × 10 4 /cm 2). Furthermore, the PEGMA modification technique conducted on the microfluidic disk achieved successful adjustment of burst frequency for each chamber in the microchannel, allowing a sequential addiction of reagents in the test protocol of manual polybrene (MP) blood typing. Clinical studies showed that the proposed MP microfluidic disk method not only performed at extremely high consistency with the traditional tube method in the identification of ABO/RhD blood types, but also accomplished an effective screening method for detecting irregular antibodies. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the easily massproduced MP microfluidic disk exhibited good blood-typing sensitivity and was suitable for clinical applications.

Microfluidics-Based Blood Typing Devices: An In-Depth Overview

“…This allowed a sequential addition of reagents for the MP blood typing. The results were validated with the tube method of blood typing …”

“…The results were validated with the tube method of blood typing. 86 Chang et al created a lab-on-a-disc device for performing eight tests, namely, forward typing, reverse typing, and irregular antibody tests, simultaneously. An image capture module captured the agglutination in all channels, and the captured images are recorded and analyzed to give the blood type result.…”

“…There was a test line containing active antibodies in forward typing and 30% standard A, B, and O cells for reverse typing and a control line containing inactive antibodies in forward typing and O cells in reverse typing for comparison. For forward blood typing, the sample loading zone 21,82,84 visual detection (letter and symbol format) 21 Park et al, 21 Lu et al, 82 Kline et al 84 plug-based 84 CMOS image sensing 82 image processing of results by contrast analysis method 84 poly (methylmethacrylate) antibody microarray 63 forward grouping 63 cell counting of microarray image 63 Pipatpanukul et al 63 cyclic olefin polymer microslit blocking by agglutinated RBCs 85 forward grouping 64,85 visual detection 64,85 Lin et al, 85 Kim et al 64 microfilter blocking by agglutinated RBCs 64 polystyrene lab-on-disc system 90 forward grouping 90 multichannel optical disc detection system 90 Chen et al 90 cotton thread-based 65 forward grouping 65 image processing of results 65 Nilghaz et al 65 open array of electrodes digital microfluidics 66 forward grouping 66 image processing of results 66 Sklavounos et al 66 Actual results of a dye-assisted paperbased device using bromocresol green dye with forward grouping only (IIa) and forward and reverse grouping in one device (IIb). Human serum albumin reacted with a yellow-colored bromocresol green dye to form a teal-colored complex, while whole blood reacted with the same dye to form a brown-colored complex.…”

Microchip technology applications for blood group analysis

“…These localized areas are suitable for further surface modification to improve their hydrophilicity and blood compatibility. With a kind of antifouling material, polyethylene glycol methacrylate (PEGMA), microfluidic disks were developed for blood-typing and irregular antibody screening [17] . This showed an extremely high consistency with the traditional tube method in the identification of ABO and RhD blood types.…”

Fully-automatic blood-typing chip exploiting bubbles for quick dilution and detection

“…Automation is considered to be one of the solutions to this situation. However, although some fully-automatic blood-typing systems were developed 9,10 and they can reduce the human cost significantly, there still is a problem of the economic cost.…”