Blood Stream Microbiota Dysbiosis Establishing New Research Standards in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases, A Meta-Analysis Study

Abstract

Aims: Scientists have recently discovered a link between the circulating microbiome and homeostasis, as well as the pathogenesis of a number of metabolic diseases. It has been demonstrated that low-grade chronic inflammation is one of the primary mechanisms that has long been implicated in the risk of cardio-metabolic disease (CMDs) and its progression. Currently, the dysbiosis of circulating bacteria is considered as a key regulator for chronic inflammation in CMDs, which is why we have conducted this systemic review focused on circulating bacterial dysbiosis. Methods: A systemic review of clinical and research-based studies was conducted via PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Web of Science. Literature was considered for risk of bias and patterns of intervention effects. A randomized effect model was used to evaluate the dysbiosis of circulating microbiota and clinical outcomes. We conducted a meta-analysis considering the circulating bacteria in both healthy people and people with cardio-metabolic disorders, in reports published mainly from 2008 to 2022, according to the PRISMA guidelines. Results: We searched 627 studies and, after completing the risk of bias and selection, 31 studies comprising of 11,132 human samples were considered. This meta-analysis found that dysbiosis of phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes was associated with metabolic diseases. Conclusions: In most instances, metabolic diseases are linked to higher diversity and elevated bacterial DNA levels. Bacteroides abundance was higher in healthy people than with metabolic disorders. However, more rigorous studies are required to determine the role of bacterial dysbiosis in cardio-metabolic diseases. Understanding the relationship between dysbiosis and cardio-metabolic diseases, we can use the bacteria as therapeutics for the reversal of dysbiosis and targets for therapeutics use in cardio-metabolic diseases. In the future, circulating bacterial signatures can be used as biomarkers for the early detection of metabolic diseases.

Blood Microbiota and Its Products: Mechanisms of Interference with Host Cells and Clinical Outcomes

“…A higher abundance of Bifidobacterium and reduced numbers of Bacteroidota were detected in MI patients’ blood [ 72 ]. MI patients’ diverse blood microbiota composition can be attributed to various factors, such as geographic region, type of diet, genetics, and environmental changes [ 73 ]. Of note, blood bacteria associated with cholesterol and lipid metabolism are reduced in MI patients, potentially favoring atherosclerosis [ 74 ].…”

The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis

“…Alternatively, gut dysbiosis may result from a depletion of beneficial bacterial species, such as Akkermansia , which has been recognized to possess a protective role against metabolic disorders [ 70 ]. Moreover, impaired gut integrity can promote lipopolysaccharides (LPS) translocation into the bloodstream and further exacerbate systemic inflammation in cardio-metabolic diseases and endothelial dysfunction [ 136 ]. Endothelial dysfunction is a key variable in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that underlies many cardiovascular diseases [ 137 ].…”