Blood pressure and urinary excretion of electrolytes in Spanish schoolchildren

Maldonado-Martı́n, Antonia; García-Matarín, L; Gil‐Extremera, Blas; Avivar-Oyonarte, C; García-Granados, M E; Gil-García, F; Latorre-Hernández, J; Miró-Gutiérrez, J; Soria-Bonilla, A; Vergara-Martín, J; Javier-Martínez, M R

doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001424

Cited by 31 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, an average Na:K ratio of 1.03 (SE 0.01) was reported for American children aged 1–3 years [36]. Amongst older Spanish children (6–14 years) and 2–14 years old French children, the average reported Na:K ratio was 3.6 (SD ± 1.3) [37] and 1.64 (range: 1.61–1.67) [16], respectively. Importantly, in our study children from both groups (above and below the AI), also consumed sodium amounts which exceeded the recommended upper level (UL) of 1000 mg/day [15] which, consequently, appeared to drive up the Na:K ratio.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake and Sources of Potassium and the Relationship to Dietary Sodium in a Sample of Australian Pre-School Children

et al. 2016

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The aim of this study was to determine the intake and food sources of potassium and the molar sodium:potassium (Na:K) ratio in a sample of Australian pre-school children. Mothers provided dietary recalls of their 3.5 years old children (previous participants of Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial). The average daily potassium intake, the contribution of food groups to daily potassium intake, the Na:K ratio, and daily serves of fruit, dairy, and vegetables, were assessed via three unscheduled 24 h dietary recalls. The sample included 251 Australian children (125 male), mean age 3.5 (0.19) (SD) years. Mean potassium intake was 1618 (267) mg/day, the Na:K ratio was 1.47 (0.5) and 54% of children did not meet the Australian recommended adequate intake (AI) of 2000 mg/day for potassium. Main food sources of potassium were milk (27%), fruit (19%), and vegetable (14%) products/dishes. Food groups with the highest Na:K ratio were processed meats (7.8), white bread/rolls (6.0), and savoury sauces and condiments (5.4). Children had a mean intake of 1.4 (0.75) serves of fruit, 1.4 (0.72) dairy, and 0.52 (0.32) serves of vegetables per day. The majority of children had potassium intakes below the recommended AI. The Na:K ratio exceeded the recommended level of 1 and the average intake of vegetables was 2 serves/day below the recommended 2.5 serves/day and only 20% of recommended intake. An increase in vegetable consumption in pre-school children is recommended to increase dietary potassium and has the potential to decrease the Na:K ratio which is likely to have long-term health benefits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intake and Sources of Potassium and the Relationship to Dietary Sodium in a Sample of Australian Pre-School Children

et al. 2016

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“…The students that have obtained the consent of their parents to participate in the study were observed at baseline and at the end of the intervention phases that lasted for 6 months with regard to blood pressure, weight, height and waist circumference. We excluded from analysis all urinary samples in which urinary creatinine was less than 0.1 mmol/kg in 24 h of urinary collection as described [22]. Both at baseline and at the end of the study the observers were unaware of the group in which each child was included.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt intake in children 10–12 years old and its modification by active working practices in a school garden

Cotter

Oliveira

et al. 2013

Journal of Hypertension

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Our data indicates that children 10-12 years old have a high salt intake that is well above the proposed recommendations and that a strategy based on theoretical and practical education may achieve in some children an important reduction in daily salt intake which, if maintained over time, may assume important public health implications. These results suggest that in those children a more complete theoretical and practical intervention is more productive and efficient towards reduction of salt intake than single theoretical or no intervention.

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“…Review school children, urinary excretion of sodium did not correlate with BP, whereas bodyweight correlated directly with BP and salt intake [64]. The investigators assumed that the BP-raising effect of increased dietary sodium might not be seen until a certain age.…”

Section: Dietary Salt Intake and Bp In Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of obesity, salt and exercise on blood pressure in children and adolescents

Stabouli

Papakatsika

Kotsis

2011

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

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The increasing trends of blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents pose great concern for the burden of hypertension-related cardiovascular disease. Although primary hypertension in childhood is commonly associated with obesity, it seems that other factors, such as dietary sodium and exercise, also influence BP levels in children and adolescents. Several studies support that sympathetic nervous system imbalance, impairment of the physiological mechanism of pressure natriuresis, hyperinsulinemia and early vascular changes are involved in the mechanisms causing elevated BP in obese children and adolescents. Under the current evidence on the association of salt intake and BP, dietary sodium restriction appears to be a rational step in the prevention of hypertension in genetically predisposed children and adolescents. Finally, interventional studies show that regular aerobic exercise can significantly reduce BP and restore vascular changes in obese with hypertensive pediatric patients. This article aims to summarize previous studies on the role of obesity, salt intake and exercise on BP in children and adolescents.

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Blood pressure and urinary excretion of electrolytes in Spanish schoolchildren

Cited by 31 publications

References 27 publications

Dietary Intake and Sources of Potassium and the Relationship to Dietary Sodium in a Sample of Australian Pre-School Children

Dietary Intake and Sources of Potassium and the Relationship to Dietary Sodium in a Sample of Australian Pre-School Children

Salt intake in children 10–12 years old and its modification by active working practices in a school garden

The role of obesity, salt and exercise on blood pressure in children and adolescents

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