The role of obesity, salt and exercise on blood pressure in children and adolescents

Stabouli, Stella; Papakatsika, Sofia; Kotsis, Vasilios

doi:10.1586/erc.11.63

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…These results emphasize the importance of the reduction of the body mass in the decrease in blood pressure, which reinforces the importance of the dietary intervention in the treatment of the obese adolescent (41)(42)(43) . Based on the summary our findings, we identified a great variability in the training protocols used, which may also have contributed to the controversial findings.…”

Section: Finalsupporting

confidence: 72%

Efeito do treinamento físico na pressão arterial de adolescentes com obesidade

Farah¹,

Berenguer²,

Prado³

et al. 2012

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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OBJETIVO: Descrever, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, os efeitos do treinamento físico sobre a pressão arterial em adolescentes com obesidade. FONTES DE DADOS: Recorreu-se à revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados que analisaram o efeito do treinamento físico sobre a pressão arterial de adolescentes obesos, publicados em periódicos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, SciELO e ISI Web of KnowledgeSM. Foram incluídos os estudos que avaliaram adolescentes publicados até 2010, e que possuíam Grupo Controle. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Oito estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Dois deles utilizaram exercícios de força combinados com aeróbios, enquanto seis empregaram apenas os aeróbios. Cinco estudos utilizaram intervenções complementares, sendo a nutricional a mais frequente. Quatro estudos observaram redução da pressão arterial sistólica no Grupo Exercício comparado ao Controle. Nesses quatro estudos, além da redução da pressão arterial, notou-se diminuição da massa corpórea. Todos aqueles que verificaram redução da pressão arterial utilizaram 12 a 24 semanas de exercícios aeróbios, três a seis sessões semanais, com duração de 50 a 90 minutos e intensidade entre 55 e 75% da frequência cardíaca máxima. CONCLUSÕES: O efeito do treinamento físico na pressão arterial de adolescentes obesos é controverso. A redução da pressão arterial parece ocorrer com programas de treinamento aeróbios que promovam também a redução da massa corpórea.

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Section: Finalsupporting

confidence: 72%

Efeito do treinamento físico na pressão arterial de adolescentes com obesidade

Farah¹,

Berenguer²,

Prado³

et al. 2012

Rev. paul. pediatr.

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“…14 Other studies among adults also demonstrated that the association between sodium intake and BP tended to be more pronounced among those classified as overweight or in the presence of metabolic syndrome. [15][16][17]36 The significant synergistic interaction between sodium intake and weight status on risk for pre-HBP/HBP observed in our study may have important clinical and public health implications in that reducing sodium intake or weight reduction among children and adolescents in the United States may lead to a greater than expected reduction in HBP. Although we observed a nonsignificant association between sodium intake and BP or risk for pre-HBP/HBP among normal-weight children, it should not be interpreted as indicating a null effect of high sodium intake on BP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,14,35,36 However, NHANES 2003-2008 did not collect family hypertension data from children or physical activity data from children ,12. In our sensitivity analyses, we assessed the effect of physical activity (inactive, active but at below recommended levels, and active at or above recommended levels) only among adolescents aged 12 to 18 years (Supplemental Tables 4 and 5).…”

Section: Baseline Covariates and Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure Among US Children and Adolescents

et al. 2012

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WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: High blood pressure in childhood predisposes people to hypertension in adulthood and is associated with early development of cardiovascular disease and risk for premature death. High sodium intake and overweight/ obesity are recognized as risk factors for hypertension in children. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:These results show that usual sodium intake was positively associated with systolic blood pressure and risk for pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure among US children. The data indicate a synergistic interaction between sodium intake and weight status on risk for high blood pressure. abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between usual dietary sodium intake and blood pressure among US children and adolescents, overall and by weight status. METHODS:Children and adolescents aged 8 to 18 years (n = 6235) who participated in NHANES 2003-2008 comprised the sample. Subjects' usual sodium intake was estimated by using multiple 24-hour dietary recalls. Linear or logistic regression was used to examine association between sodium intake and blood pressure or risk for pre-high blood pressure and high blood pressure (pre-HBP/HPB). RESULTS:Study subjects consumed an average of 3387 mg/day of sodium, and 37% were overweight/obese. Each 1000 mg per day sodium intake was associated with an increased SD score of 0.097 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.006-0.188, ∼1.0 mm Hg) in systolic blood pressure (SBP) among all subjects and 0.141 (95% CI: -0.010 to 0.298, ∼1.5 mm Hg) increase among overweight/obese subjects. Mean adjusted SBP increased progressively with sodium intake quartile, from 106.2 mm Hg (95% CI: 105.1-107.3) to 108.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 107.5-110.1) overall (P = .010) and from 109.0 mm Hg (95% CI: 107.2-110.8) to 112.8 mm Hg (95% CI: 110.7-114.9; P = .037) among those overweight/obese. Adjusted odds ratios comparing risk for pre-HBP/HPB among subjects in the highest versus lowest sodium intake quartile were 2.0 (95% CI: 0.95-4.1, P = .062) overall and 3.5 (95% CI: 1.3-9.2, P = .013) among those overweight/obese. Sodium intake and weight status appeared to have synergistic effects on risk for pre-HBP/HPB (relative excess risk for interaction = 0.29 (95% CI: 0.01-0.90, P , .05).

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“…Endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness and carotid intima media thickness have been demonstrated in studies in obese children [10,[100][101][102][103][104]. Mesenteric, preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat thickness showed significant association with carotid intima media thickness [105].…”

Section: Target Organ Damage In the Absence Of Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New developments in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension

Kotsis

Nilsson

Grassı

et al. 2015

Journal of Hypertension

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Obesity is a disorder that develops from the interaction between genotype and environment involving social, behavioral, cultural, and physiological factors. Obesity increases the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, musculoskeletal disorders, chronic kidney and pulmonary disease. Although obesity is clearly associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension, many obese individuals may not develop hypertension. Protecting factors may exist and it is important to understand why obesity is not always related to hypertension. The aim of this review is to highlight the knowledge gap for the association between obesity, hypertension, and potential genetic and racial differences or environmental factors that may protect obese patients against the development of hypertension and other co-morbidities. Specific mutations in the leptin and the melaninocortin receptor genes in animal models of obesity without hypertension, the actions of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, and SNS activity in obesity-related hypertension may promote recognition of protective and promoting factors for hypertension in obesity. Furthermore, gene-environment interactions may have the potential to modify gene expression and epigenetic mechanisms could also contribute to the heritability of obesity-induced hypertension. Finally, differences in nutrition, gut microbiota, exposure to sun light and exercise may play an important role in the presence or absence of hypertension in obesity.

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The role of obesity, salt and exercise on blood pressure in children and adolescents

Cited by 36 publications

References 103 publications

Efeito do treinamento físico na pressão arterial de adolescentes com obesidade

Efeito do treinamento físico na pressão arterial de adolescentes com obesidade

Sodium Intake and Blood Pressure Among US Children and Adolescents

New developments in the pathogenesis of obesity-induced hypertension

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