Blood Group Typing: From Classical Strategies to the Application of Synthetic Antibodies Generated by Molecular Imprinting

Abstract

Blood transfusion requires a mandatory cross-match test to examine the compatibility between donor and recipient blood groups. Generally, in all cross-match tests, a specific chemical reaction of antibodies with erythrocyte antigens is carried out to monitor agglutination. Since the visual inspection is no longer useful for obtaining precise quantitative information, therefore there is a wide variety of different technologies reported in the literature to recognize the agglutination reactions. Despite the classical methods, modern biosensors and molecular blood typing strategies have also been considered for straightforward, accurate and precise analysis. The interfacial part of a typical sensor device could range from natural antibodies to synthetic receptor materials, as designed by molecular imprinting and which is suitably integrated with the transducer surface. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of some selected strategies extending from traditional practices to modern procedures in blood group typing, thus to highlight the most promising approach among emerging technologies.

Frequency pattern of blood group systems among two healthy groups at albaha province, saudi arabia; a cross sectional, laboratory based study

“…The study was based on the following: (1) extracted data from the blood bank information system which include records of healthy blood donors who were recruited and came to donate blood during the study period, (2) laboratory data provided by the tested blood groups done among registered students at skill lab during the Blood System Module for the 2nd year level at faculty of medicine, Albaha University.…”

“…1 Blood transfusion requires a mandatory cross-match test to examine the compatibility between donor and recipient blood groups. The pioneering efforts of Karl Landsteiner on human blood groups, leads to a safe blood transfusiontoday 2,3 .The ABO blood group system was the first system described and remains the most significant in transfusion medicine. A mismatch of ABO may be fatal, whereas a mismatch of other blood groups initially mostly is harmless.…”

Blood Group O→A Transformation by Chemical Ligation of Erythrocytes

“…Binding of these ubiquitous antibodies to red blood cells (RBCs) produces severe clinical sequelae and predetermines the outcomes of blood transfusion and organ transplantation . Despite advances in molecular techniques and immunoassays, agglutination of human RBCs remains the only reliable and practical method for ABH typing for daily use in immunohaematology. However, the precise mechanisms of agglutination (and more generally, interactions between RBCs and antibodies) are still poorly understood.…”

Structural diversity and biological importance of ABO, H, Lewis and secretor histo-blood group carbohydrates

“…The identification of red blood cell phenotypes is commonly based on an agglutination reaction with tests performed with slides, tubes, microplates, gel column, and automation 19 . However, the results are affected by the method used and the quality of antisera and can be inaccurate especially in relation to the Lewis histo-blood group system 15, 17.…”