Blood glucose monitoring using microwave cavity perturbation

Microwaving Blood as a Non‐Destructive Technique for Haemoglobin Measurements on Microlitre Samples

“…Sensing with an electromagnetic resonance proves advantageous when conducting measurements on volumes much smaller than a wavelength and have been demonstrated to be viable techniques for biological solution analysis. [16–20] Whispering gallery mode resonators and dielectric resonators are commonly used for dielectric and conductivity measurements in the microwave community[21] and have been exploited to measure single viruses and proteins in the optical regime owing to their high-quality resonances. [22] Two parameters are used in resonant measurements, the resonant frequency ( f ) that is regarded as the natural frequency of the device and depends upon the surrounding environments real permittivity[17] and the quality factor ( Q ), which is dependent on the losses in the system and is proportional to the ratio of energy lost per cycle to the total energy stored in the system.…”

Millimeter-Wave Sensing of Diabetes-Relevant Glucose Concentration Changes in Pigs

“…Many radio frequency (RF) methods have focused on using lower microwave frequencies (up to 20 GHz), and have employed different setups to measure relatively high glucose concentrations in controlled samples by extracting the sample's permittivity. For example, dielectric spectroscopy was used in [5] to measure blood plasma in the range 0.5-20 GHz, and resonant cavity setups have been employed in [6,7] operating between 2 and 3 GHz. Frequency ranges between 1.0-2.5 GHz [8] and 5.0-8.5 GHz [9] have also been used in configurations with antenna sensors.…”

Detection of glucose variability in saline solutions from transmission and reflection measurements using V-band waveguides

“…Among the various candidate technologies, the use of electromagnetic (EM) waves (e.g. optical methods studied in [10][11][12]) and particularly microwaves has shown promise in detecting changes in the electrical properties of blood plasma as a function of glucose concentration [4,6,7,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. These results have motivated the present study towards the development of a non-invasive glucose monitoring system using the 50 -75 GHz mm-wave band.…”

“…This setup is substantially different from earlier studies which have mostly focused on the use of lower microwave frequencies (up to 20 GHz), and employed different setups to measure relatively high glucose concentrations in controlled samples by extracting the sample's permittivity. For example, dielectric spectroscopy was used in [13] to measure blood plasma in the range 0.5 -20 GHz, and resonant cavity setups have been employed in [14,15] operating between 2 -3 GHz. Frequency ranges between 1.0 -2.5 GHz [16] and 5.0 -8.5 GHz [17] have also been used in configurations with antenna sensors.…”