BlockNet: Beyond reliable spatial Digital Twins to Parallel Metaverse

The metaverse in education: Definition, framework, features, potential applications, challenges, and future research topics

“…As the studies reported ( Center for Journalism Studies of Tsinghua University, 2021 ; Kang, 2021 ; Shen et al, 2021 ; Sparkes, 2021 ; Lv et al, 2022 ; Park and Kim, 2022 ; Prieto et al, 2022 ), the metaverse is not merely a new entity for VR or AR, but a collection of a set of emergent technologies like 5G, AI, VR, AR, digital twins, blockchain, holography, or IoT (Internet of Things). The technological framework might be built for specific realms such as entertainment, commerce, education, etc., and their components and functions can be different according to the needs.…”

“…The global trend of VR or AR research has also made it possible to construct photorealistic 3D content ( Wu et al, 2013 ; Parmaxi, 2020 ); however, Park and Kim (2022) believed that the metaverse is much more than VR or AR, but a concept closer to XR. Other scholars (e.g., Lv et al, 2022 ) mentioned technologies like digital twins, holography, and MR (mixed reality) can also be used to model and render the metaverse world. In this sense, modeling and rendering technologies are indispensable to constructing a vivid and colorful educational space with rich details and high fidelity.…”

“…In the metaverse, various realistic learning scenes can be simulated and created by modeling and rendering technologies such as digital twins, VR, AR, XR, etc. ( Davis et al, 2009 ; Duan et al, 2021 ; Lv et al, 2022 ; Shin, 2022 ). The scenes can be reproduced like real-world classroom layouts in 3D form or constructed as partially or fully virtual scenes according to the learning contents, especially for that can not be easily seen in the real world, such as universe, marine, forest, historical site, etc.…”

“…It is a critical issue that the users’ privacy and data security whether on the 2D Internet or in the 3D virtual world. In the metaverse, data is the basic form of governance, which allows more detailed data from users to be collected ( Kye et al, 2021 ; Lv et al, 2022 ; Zhao et al, 2022 ), such as facial images, physical state (heart rate, blood pressure, disease, etc. ), transactions, consumption records, etc.…”

Fusion of Building Information Modeling and Blockchain for Metaverse: A Survey

“…With its decentralized na-ture, blockchain has penetrated into multiple applications that are closely related to all aspects of our daily life, such as cryptocurrencies, business applications, smart cities, IoT applications, and so on. In [47], Lv et al proposed a secure multidimensional data storage solution called BlockNet with the immutable characteristics of Blockchain, which can ensure the security of the digital mapping process of the IoT, thereby the improvement of the data reliability of digital twins. They also proposed a nonmutagenic multidimensional Hash Geocoding method to address the challenges face by multiscale spatial data processing, allowing unique indexing of multidimensional information and avoiding information loss.…”