Blockchain Economical Models, Delegated Proof of Economic Value and Delegated Adaptive Byzantine Fault Tolerance and their implementation in Artificial Intelligence BlockCloud

Abstract

The Artificial Intelligence BlockCloud (AIBC) is an artificial intelligence and blockchain technology based large-scale decentralized ecosystem that allows system-wide low-cost sharing of computing and storage resources. The AIBC consists of four layers: a fundamental layer, a resource layer, an application layer, and an ecosystem layer (the latter three are the collective “upper-layers”). The AIBC layers have distinguished responsibilities and thus performance and robustness requirements. The upper layers need to follow a set of economic policies strictly and run on a deterministic and robust protocol. While the fundamental layer needs to follow a protocol with high throughput without sacrificing robustness. As such, the AIBC implements a two-consensus scheme to enforce economic policies and achieve performance and robustness: Delegated Proof of Economic Value (DPoEV) incentive consensus on the upper layers, and Delegated Adaptive Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DABFT) distributed consensus on the fundamental layer. The DPoEV uses the knowledge map algorithm to accurately assess the economic value of digital assets. The DABFT uses deep learning techniques to predict and select the most suitable BFT algorithm in order to enforce the DPoEV, as well as to achieve the best balance of performance, robustness, and security. The DPoEV-DABFT dual-consensus architecture, by design, makes the AIBC attack-proof against risks such as double-spending, short-range and 51% attacks; it has a built-in dynamic sharding feature that allows scalability and eliminates the single-shard takeover. Our contribution is four-fold: that we develop a set of innovative economic models governing the monetary, trading and supply-demand policies in the AIBC; that we establish an upper-layer DPoEV incentive consensus algorithm that implements the economic policies; that we provide a fundamental layer DABFT distributed consensus algorithm that executes the DPoEV with adaptability; and that we prove the economic models can be effectively enforced by AIBC’s DPoEV-DABFT dual-consensus architecture.

Comparative Review of the Blockchain Consensus Algorithm Between Proof of Stake (POS) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS)

“…So, every consensus node in the blockchain checks and validates the data based on the algorithm. After a certain number of nodes have been confirmed, the data that is valid can be entered in the blockchain [5].…”

“…DPoS is one of the versions that are mainly created with the help of PoS consensus model with proper improved speed by compromising the security that is compared to PoW as well as PoS however it is generally affecting the operation of entire systems [5]. DPoS generally helps in following the original PoS consensus model with proper improved speed that further creates issues related with security [15].…”

“…This further inspires the various developers for developing proper consensus algorithm for solving the problem that is associated with PoW and PoS. DPoS generally follows PoS consensus model that have quite faster consensus real time process however it generally compromises the security [5]. DPoS can be considered as one of the representative democracies within the blockchain where the coin holders generally vote for selecting the delegation that is called block procedures.…”

“…DPoS can be considered as one of the representative democracies within the blockchain where the coin holders generally vote for selecting the delegation that is called block procedures. DPoS processes helps in undertaking transaction quite faster in comparison to PoW as well as PoS algorithm and yet it generally has a number of flaws in context to security [5].…”

Impact of Value Co-Creation on International Customer Satisfaction in the Airsoft Industry: Does Country of Origin Matter?

“…There are plenty of definitions of value being found in different fields of science (philosophy, ethics, medicine, mathematics or economics). Nevertheless, due to the objective of the paper, it is necessary to take a deeper look at different types of value that appear in the management and organization literature (Bowman and Ambrosini 2000;Sánchez-Fernández and Iniesta-Bonillo 2007;Barnes et al 2009;Frow and Payne 2011;Osterwalder et al 2014;Goedhart et al 2015;Deng 2019). The typology of value is rich and encompasses, among others, the following important sorts of value: creative value, economic value, market value, emotional value, psychological value, exchange value, utility value, functional value and company value.…”