Blockchain Consensus Algorithms: A Survey

Ferdous, Sadek; Chowdhury, Mohammad Jabed Morshed; Hoque, Mohammad A.; Colman, Alan

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.07091

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Accountability is achieved either directly by immediately proving that a node behaved in a dishonest way, or indirectly by inferring possible malicious behavior using side information at some later stage; trust management schemes can be used to expose long-term malicious trends that are difficult to distinguish at any given time if considered independently. Our work complements the reports by Cachin [3], Xiao [4], Zheng [5], Wu [6], Salimitari [7], Lao [8], and Ferdous [9], by considerably extending the number of blockchain platforms and consensus protocols that are studied, by providing quantitative information about their performance (i.e. throughput and latency) instead of qualitative information that is given in all works (thus, allowing to easily consider issues related to scalability), and by evaluating their suitability for IoT applications also taking into account their resilience to adversarial faults.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

On the Security of Permissioned Blockchain Solutions for IoT Applications

Brotsis

Kolokotronis

Limniotis

et al. 2020

2020 6th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)

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The blockchain has found numerous applications in many areas with the expectation to significantly enhance their security. The Internet of things (IoT) constitutes a prominent application domain of blockchain, with a number of architectures having been proposed for improving not only security but also properties like transparency and auditability. However, many blockchain solutions suffer from inherent constraints associated with the consensus protocol used. These constraints are mostly inherited by the permissionless setting, e.g. computational power in proof-of-work, and become serious obstacles in a resourceconstrained IoT environment. Moreover, consensus protocols with low throughput or high latency are not suitable for IoT networks where massive volumes of data are generated. Thus, in this paper we focus on permissioned blockchain platforms and investigate the consensus protocols used, aiming at evaluating their performance and fault tolerance as the main selection criteria for (in principle highly insecure) IoT ecosystem. The results of the paper provide new insights on the essential differences of various consensus protocols and their capacity to meet IoT needs. Index Terms-Permissioned blockchains, consensus protocols, cyber-security, fault tolerance, Internet of things. and the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

On the Security of Permissioned Blockchain Solutions for IoT Applications

Brotsis

Kolokotronis

Limniotis

et al. 2020

2020 6th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These assumptions eventually influence the characteristics of the consensus protocol. In fact, most Blockchain Technology applications typically roll out their corresponding consensus algorithm to fit the specific use case for the Technology [8], [9], [10].…”

Section: Consensus Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proof-of-Reputation: An Alternative Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain Systems

Aluko¹,

Kolonin²

2021

IJNSA

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Blockchains combine other technologies, such as cryptography, networking, and incentive mechanisms, to enable the creation, validation, and recording of transactions between participating nodes. A consensus algorithm is used in a blockchain system to determine the shared state among distributed nodes. An important component underlying any blockchain-based system is its consensus mechanism, which principally determines the performance and security of the overall system. As the nature of peer-topeer(P2P) networks is open and dynamic, the security risk within that environment is greatly increased mostly because nodes can join and leave the network at will. Thus, it is important to have a system that can check against malicious behaviour. In this work, we propose a reputation-based consensus mechanism for blockchain-based systems, Proof-of-Reputation(PoR) where the nodes with the highest reputation values eventually become part of a consensus group that determines the state of the blockchain.

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“…There are mainly three types of consensus mechanisms used by various public blockchains. They are Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) [17].…”

Section: Blockchainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SHA256 is another cryptographic (hashing) algorithm widely used in most blockchain systems for generating the hash of transactions and blocks. Other popular hash algorithms are Ethash, SCrypt, X11, Equihash, RIPEMD160 [17]. Although these hash functions are secure for classical computers, quantum computers will be able to break many security features of those algorithms.…”

Section: A Cryptographic Algorithm Vulnerabilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Attacks in Blockchain Systems using Petri Nets

Shahriar¹,

Bappy²,

Hossain³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Blockchain technology has evolved through many changes and modifications, such as smart-contracts since its inception in 2008. The popularity of a blockchain system is due to the fact that it offers a significant security advantage over other traditional systems. However, there have been many attacks in various blockchain systems, exploiting different vulnerabilities and bugs, which caused a significant financial loss. Therefore, it is essential to understand how these attacks in blockchain occur, which vulnerabilities they exploit, and what threats they expose. Another concerning issue in this domain is the recent advancement in the quantum computing field, which imposes a significant threat to the security aspects of many existing secure systems, including blockchain, as they would invalidate many widely-used cryptographic algorithms. Thus, it is important to examine how quantum computing will affect these or other new attacks in the future. In this paper, we explore different vulnerabilities in current blockchain systems and analyse the threats that various theoretical and practical attacks in the blockchain expose. We then model those attacks using Petri nets concerning current systems and future quantum computers.

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Blockchain Consensus Algorithms: A Survey

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

On the Security of Permissioned Blockchain Solutions for IoT Applications

On the Security of Permissioned Blockchain Solutions for IoT Applications

Proof-of-Reputation: An Alternative Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain Systems

Modelling Attacks in Blockchain Systems using Petri Nets

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