Blockchain and the Internet of Things: A Software Architecture Perspective

Liao, Chun-Feng; Hung, Chien-Che; Chen, Kung

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99058-3_3

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The IoT device sends a raw signed transaction to the edge agent Blockchain endpoint and this, in turn, creates the cryptographic transaction that will be added to the chained block by mutual consensus with the other nodes. Each blockchain endpoint can reside on the edge agent in a microservice [15] or in a serverless function. The serverless architecture is similar to the centralized one, but this time the function as a service performs Blockchain related operations.…”

Section: Blockchain Iot Pseudo-distributed Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are situations when the devices have superior computational capabilities and support Blockchain operations inside the microcontroller or the single-board computers installed. Processing the transactions themselves these IoT devices enable our fully distributed architecture as seen in Figure 6 and reduce traffic to and from the edge computing agent [15]. Lately, there are several Blockchain implementations that allow fewer amounts of ledger data to be stored on the node.…”

Section: Blockchain Iot Distributed Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of these is the simplified payment verification (SPV) which allows transactions to be verified without running block mining operations and without storing all historical blocks [18]. Also, Ethereum has introduced the concept of light client that connects to a more powerful node on an edge agent allowing it to store less data and perform less operations [15].…”

Section: Blockchain Iot Distributed Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concept of smart contracts can further extend the proposed Blockchain IoT architecture by enabling automatic code execution when different events occur, for example when a user pays for the rented car through the mobile application using tokens then the device will automatically unlock the car. Smart contracts can also be used to execute calls to legacy enterprise systems such as web servers, application servers, databases that cannot be easily migrated to the Blockchain [15]. Smart contracts also come with downsides like possible bugs implemented in the contract or hacking vulnerability [20].…”

Section: Further Research and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blockchain Enabled Iot System Architecture in Edge Computing Environments

Vrană¹

2019

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on INFORMATICS in ECONOMY Education, Research and Business Technologies

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The Internet of Things paradigm enables various applications in different fields through the exponential increase of devices and sensors. Architecting systems based on Internet of Things concepts is very challenging and has focused mostly on a centralized approach. Decentralized or distributed architectures aren't straightforward concepts for IoT applications, but through the distributed ledger and Blockchain implementations that provide better identification, security and data integrity the fully distributed system architecture can become a reality. Major cloud vendors these days are using edge computing platforms to bring the cloud closer to the device, using a locally centralized system based on edge agents, which can be seen as a partially decentralized module in the full IoT cloud picture. Blockchain allows this edge IoT environment to become distributed if services or functions installed on the edge agent are used by the device to gain Blockchain capabilities. If more capable devices are deployed, then the Blockchain functionality can be embedded in the IoT and the system becomes a fully distributed peer-to-peer network.

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Section: Blockchain Iot Pseudo-distributed Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blockchain Iot Distributed Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Blockchain Iot Distributed Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Further Research and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Blockchain Enabled Iot System Architecture in Edge Computing Environments

Vrană¹

2019

Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on INFORMATICS in ECONOMY Education, Research and Business Technologies

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“…2)Limited distribution: The distribution feature of the IoT system is determined by the proportion of entities who deployed the blockchain [32]. Due to resource-constrained and dynamic features (their state and assigned tasks are different at each stage), most IoT devices cannot act as blockchain nodes to deal with access control process logic in real-time and afford the storage pressure of blockchain ledger.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Based IoT Access Control System: Towards Security, Lightweight, and Cross-Domain

Sun

Chen

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Most IoT devices cannot afford to be a blockchain node due to the high computation and storage loads. Thus, the blockchain is usually deployed on one delegate node, e.g., the edge device or cloud, which may encounters three drawbacks: (1) The delegate node becomes the single failure point when the number of delegate notes are limited. (2) The delegate node replicating the blockchain data can lead to privacy information leak. (3) The delegate node is vulnerable to the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. To tackle these drawbacks, we consider to minimize the redundant of blockchain to make the IoT devices as the specialized blockchain nodes. In this paper, we integrate a permissioned blockchain (HLF), an attribute-based access control (ABAC) and an identity-based signature (IBS) to build a security, lightweight, and cross-domain blockchain-based IoT access control system. Specifically, we divided the IoT system into different function domains, named IoT domains. Then, we establish a local blockchain ledger for each IoT domain to enable more IoT devices as blockchain nodes. The local blockchain ledger records the IoT domain entities' attributes, policy files' digests, and access decisions. Meanwhile, we use the channel technology of HLF to realize cross-domain access and use the IBS to filter the legal access requests for each IoT domain to prevent DDoS attacks. We also design a policy decision point (PDP) selection algorithm that select multiple IoT devices (blockchain nodes) to achieve the real-time distributed policy decisions (off-chain). Finally, we implement and evaluate the proposed system to demonstrate its practicality.

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MetaInfoChain: Bi‐layered blockchain consensus for metadata aggregation inIoTand cloud environments

Bhama

Priya

2021

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud metadata have highly sensitive details and facts about data and objects; it usually holds confidential information about the data for which there are access restrictions. Hence, it forms the most abundant source of information about any digital object from which the actual data can be rebuilt or duplicated with the same level of originality. However, it appears to be an emerging threat vector in IoT and cloud environments. If a misfeasor acquires access to the metadata information, then there arises a security threat. This article proposes a novel method on a bifold layered blockchain network, referred to as MetaInfoChain, to enhance the integrity and access controllability of safe storage. By default, blockchain protects the data while a permissioned blockchain forms an access control layer over the core blockchain. The acquired instance, compute, and the unique credentials sign device metadata to enforce controllability and validated by minters and add it to the base layer of the MetaInfoChain. Subsequently, we propose a consensus attainment algorithm to build an unrefined block on a candidate block comprising metadata packages. Consequently, all the nodes receive an unrefined block replica, which can afford absolute integrity. The top layer of MetaInfoChain is sensible to generate tamper-resistant metadata by executing hybrid PoS-PoW tasks on the unrefined block, causing robust integrity. After accomplishing all the checks, it endorses the MetaInfoChain to append the block with 35% block time efficiency in the base layer with a 56% throughput hike.

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Blockchain and the Internet of Things: A Software Architecture Perspective

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

Blockchain Enabled Iot System Architecture in Edge Computing Environments

Blockchain Enabled Iot System Architecture in Edge Computing Environments

Blockchain-Based IoT Access Control System: Towards Security, Lightweight, and Cross-Domain

MetaInfoChain: Bi‐layered blockchain consensus for metadata aggregation inIoTand cloud environments

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