Bloat in cattle

Jones, William T.; Lyttleton, J. W.

doi:10.1080/00288233.1973.10421128

Cited by 92 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…The leaves and stems of Lotus pedunculatus contain condensed tannins, which on disintegration of the plant material, such as during chewing, render the forage proteins insoluble (Jones et al 1973). The presence of condensed tannins therefore makes lotus a non-bloating legume (Ross & Jones, 1974) and at 15 g/kg DM increases duodenal protein flow by reducing plant-protein degradation in the rumen (John & Lancashire, 1981).…”

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The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

1984

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1. Voluntary intake was determined with vegetative Lotus pedunculatus cut and fed fresh to growing sheep of 42-46 kg live weight. Effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by growing the plant under high and low levels of soil fertility, inducing low and high concentrations of tannin (Expt l), or by binding the tannins through spraying the herbage with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 3350, PEG; Expt 2). Primary-growth lotus was used in Expt 1 and secondary-growth lotus in Expt 2. Concentrations of total and free condensed tannin were determined in fresh lotus, free tanning being defined as that not bound by mascerates of the plant.2. In Expt 1 the herbages fed contained respectively 46 and 106 g total condensed tannin/kg dry matter (DM) and 3 and 14 g free condensed tannin/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were 0.89 and 0.77 MJ/kg live 3. The lotus used in Expt 2 contained 63 and 5 g total reactive condensed tannin and free condensed tannin/kg DM respectively. After spraying with PEG at 2.4 g/g total condensed tannin, these values were reduced to 7 and 0.5 g/kg DM respectively. PEG addition increased apparent digestibility (proportion of each nutrient ingested) of cellulose, hemicellulose and nitrogen by 0.05,0.08 and 0.26, and increased ME intake from 0.48 to 0.69 MJ/kg live ~eightO'?~ per d.4. It was concluded that high concentrations of condensed tannins depressed ME intake, due to depressions in both the voluntary intake and digestion of organic matter. The stimulation of hemicellulose and cellulose digestion by PEG addition suggests that the condensed tannin was depressing rumen digestion.5. It is considered that free tannins are most likely to have been responsible for the depressive effects in the present study. This could be due to their reaction with microbial enzymes in the rumen, the tannin content of the plant exceeding the capacity of the plant protein to bind it, or to reaction with enzymes secreted into the small intestine following the absorption of amino acids. In either instance free tannins could also react with proteins of the gut wall.Reponses in protein deposition in body tissue and in wool to abomasal infusion of casein + methionine in growing lambs fed on fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-based herbage ad lib. have shown that absorption of one or more essential amino acids from the small intestine is below animal requirements (Barry, 1981). A subsequent review (Barry, 1982) concluded that lactating ewes and dairy cows consuming similar fresh pasture ad lib. of high metabolizable energy (ME; 11.3 MJ ME/kg dry matter (DM)) and total nitrogen (33 g/kg DM) content were also likely to be deficient in the absorption of essential amino acids, relative to the requirements for optimum production at the level of voluntary ME intake achieved. One of the two main predisposing causes of this deficit was identified as the exceptionally high degradation rate of the proteins in fresh forages in the rumen (0.7).

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The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

1984

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“…Flavanol content was estimated by crushing one leaf from each plant between sheets of absorbent paper, and by applying a few drops of a vanillin-HCI reagent, specific for flavanols (Jones et al 1973). The method is semi-quantitative, and plants were scored 1-5, as follows: 1 = no flavanol; 2 trace; 3 = slight; 4 = medium; 5 = intense.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bloat in cattle

Ross¹,

Jones²

1974

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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A detailed survey of flavanol content in Lotus pedunculatus, and less detailed studies of 13 other species and one hybrid of Lotus, have revealed variation both within species (L. pedunculatus and L. comiculatusi and among species. Mean flavanol content in L. pedunculatus was greater in late summer than in winter. Individual plants of L. pedunculatus showed different reactions to the seasonal change; 47% showed increased, 44% constant, and 9% decreased flavanol content in late summer. Winter mean flavanol content of L. pedunculatus was not significantly different from that of L. corniculatus. Occasional plants of several lines of L. pedunculatus and 19% of one line lacked flavanols in winter, but all plants had flavanols in late summer. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to further studies of bloat.

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“…However, diets containing herbaceous forage with a high level of digestible CP have been shown to counteract the negative effects of tannins (Yiakoulaki 1995). Furthermore, tannins in low to moderate concentrations (20-40 g kg -1 DM) can induce beneficial effects, which are associated with suppression of bloat in ruminants (Jones et al 1973).…”

Section: Tree Fodder Production and Nutritive Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, diets containing herbaceous forage with a high level of digestible CP have been shown to counteract the negative effects of tannins (Yiakoulaki 1995). Further, tannins in low to moderate concentrations (20-40 g kg -1 DM) can induce beneficial effects, which are associated with suppression of bloat in ruminants (Jones et al 1973) No anti-nutritional factors or toxic compounds have been identified in M. alba (Sanchez 1999). Makkar (1989) identified mulberry as a "low tannin" fodder tree, with feeding experiments in India showing that up to 6 kg of leaves per day can be fed to cattle without adversely affecting the health of the animals or the yield and butter content of milk.…”

Section: Nutritive Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Forage production and diversification for climate-smart tropical and temperate silvopastures

Dibala¹

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Climate change creates much uncertainty for the future of animal agriculture, particularly due to an increase in 07 droughts that result in the loss of range productivity. Silvopasture, the intentional integration of livestock, trees, and pasture on the same unit of land, is a promising option to diversify forage resources, compensate for losses caused by droughts during the 07 forage gap, and in some cases, even increase agricultural production while maximizing conservation benefits. We examined three distinct silvopastures, two in the country of Panama and one in the state of Missouri, to better understand how the integration of woody perennial trees and shrubs affects forage productivity, availability, and nutritional value, particularly during the driest months. In Panama, we studied both recently established and mature silvopastures with the objective of assessing soil physical and chemical properties, plant water availability, and pasture dry matter production in different successional stages. In the mature silvopasture, we found that annual grass accumulation was greatest in open pastures, but was highest in silvopastures with moderately-spaced trees (~500 trees ha-1) early in the dry season. In the recently established silvopasture, the simultaneous growth of grasses, trees, and fertilizer shrubs resulted in significant increases in soil fertility and marginally significant increases in grass production in plots that included the shrub Leucaena leucocephala. Further, cumulative forage production in plots with shrubs provided on average 9.66% more forage than plots without shrubs during the dry season. In Missouri, we assessed the feasibility of integrating the potential alternative forage shrub red mulberry (Morus rubra L.) into the understory of an existing silvopasture and found that seedling survival, growth, leaf productivity, and nutritive value could be optimized at an overstory planting density of ~123 trees ha-1. High leaf mineral content and low fiber fractions during the late 07 forage slump suggest that this species could serve as an effective supplemental forage to livestock in multi-strata silvopastures during drought conditions. Results of all three studies confirm that silvopasture has both competitive and facilitative influences on forage production, and that facilitative factors may be more prevalent during extreme drought.

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Bloat in cattle

Cited by 92 publications

References 12 publications

The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep

Bloat in cattle

Forage production and diversification for climate-smart tropical and temperate silvopastures

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