Blinded by an error

Houtman, Femke; Notebaert, Wim

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.003

Cited by 70 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…If errors lead to adaptive processes (like PES) that aim to prevent future errors, error rates should be decreased on trials immediately following errors. While some studies indeed find such a reduction (Danielmeier et al, 2011; Laming, 1968; Marco-Pallares et al, 2008), others find an increase in error rate after errors (Fiehler et al, 2005; Houtman and Notebaert, 2013; Rabbitt and Rodgers, 1977). The standard model of error-related cognitive control has been unable to account for these findings.…”

Section: Global Interruption: Adaptive or Maladaptive?mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Accordingly, subjects also show impaired cognitive performance after unexpected events in the laboratory. For example, target detection is impaired following both unexpected perceptual events (Schroger, 1996) and errors (Houtman and Notebaert, 2013). While there are several theories about why such distraction occurs (most of which revolve around a relatively non-specific shift of attention that happens after surprise Notebaert et al, 2009) we recently tested the new idea that such distraction arises (at least partially) from the broad suppressive effect induced by unexpected events.…”

Section: Unexpected Events May Affect Cognition Via the Stopping Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

Wessel

Aron

2017

Neuron

371

382

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SUMMARY Unexpected events are part of everyday experience. They come in several varieties – action errors, unexpected action outcomes, and unexpected perceptual events – and they lead to motor slowing and cognitive distraction. While different varieties of unexpected events have been studied largely independently, and many different mechanisms are thought to explain their effects on action and cognition, we suggest a unifying theory. We propose that unexpected events recruit a fronto-basal-ganglia network for stopping. This network includes specific prefrontal cortical nodes and is posited to project to the subthalamic nucleus, with a putative global suppressive effect on basal-ganglia output. We argue that unexpected events interrupt action and impact cognition, partly at least, by recruiting this global suppressive network. This provides a common mechanistic basis for different types of unexpected events, links the literatures on motor inhibition, performance-monitoring, attention, and working memory, and is relevant for understanding clinical symptoms of distractibility and mental inflexibility.

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Section: Global Interruption: Adaptive or Maladaptive?mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Unexpected Events May Affect Cognition Via the Stopping Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

Wessel

Aron

2017

Neuron

371

382

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“…reflects a strategic increase in control aimed at reducing the probability of an error (for a discussion, see Houtman and Notebaert, 2013). Because the literature indicates that post-error behavioral adjustments correspond to an increase in the reaction times (RTs) and to an increase, or (more often) to a non-decrease, in accuracy, then in general error reactivity is understood as an increase in response caution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Posterror speeding after threat-detection failure.

Caudek¹,

Ceccarini²,

Sica³

2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Cognitive control enables individuals to rapidly adapt to changing task demands.To investigate error-driven adjustments in cognitive control, we considered performance changes in post-error trials, when participants performed a visual search task requiring to detect angry, happy, or neutral facial expressions in crowds of faces. We hypothesized that the failure to detect a potential threat (angry face) would prompt a different post-error adjustment than the failure to detect a nonthreatening target (happy or neutral face). Indeed, in three sets of experiments we found evidence of post-error speeding, in the first case, and of post-error slowing, in the second. Previous results indicate that a threatening stimulus can improve the efficiency of visual search. The results of the present study show that a similar effect can also be observed when participants fail to detect a threat.The impact of threat-detection failure on cognitive control, as revealed by the present study, suggests that post-error adjustments should be understood as the product of domain-specific mechanisms that are strongly influenced by affective information, rather than as the effect of a general-purpose error-monitoring system. 1

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“…Other researchers successfully replicated the red effect by using additional chromatic controls and cognitive tasks (e.g., verbal reasoning, working memory, attentional interference, detection, creativity, and language proficiency; Buiks, 2013;Gnambs, Appel, & Batinic, 2010;Houtman & Notebaert, 2013;Hulshof, 2013;Ioan et al, 2007;Jung, Kim, & Han, 2011;Maier et al, 2008, Thorstenson, submitted;Yamazaki & Eto, 2011). Also within a Chinese sample, red has been shown to undermine the intellectual performance of students (Shi, Zhang, & Jiang, in press).…”

Section: Color In the Achievement Context In Humans 12mentioning

confidence: 98%

Color in achievement contexts in humans

Meier¹,

Hill²,

Elliot³

et al. 2015

Handbook of Color Psychology

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Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. lightness, chroma, and hue. In this chapter we focus on the hue dimension, primarily on red, blue, and green, since experimental work has focused on these colors. Whilst the other two attributes are also crucial in color research, we do not highlight their significance in this chapter since lightness and chroma were (mostly) held constant across hue conditions in the research Research on nonhuman primates in competitive encounters indicates that red displays and other threat-relevant cues prompt avoidance by conspecifics, as indicated by submission and appeasement gestures and actions (Gerald, Waitt, & Little, 2008;Setchell & Wickings, 2005). In humans, encountering a negative object, event, or possibility, including the possibility of failure, is known to automatically evoke a motivational tendency to avoid that object, event, or possibility (Bargh & Chartrand, 1999;Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999). In addition, research has demonstrated that avoidance motivation in achievement settings evokes anxiety, task distraction, and a number of self-protective processes (e.g., disidentification, selfhandicapping; Birney, Burdick, & Teevan, 1969;Elliot & Church, 2003;Elliot & McGregor, 1999;Hembree, 1988;Osborne, 1995;Zuckerman, Kieffer, & Knee, 1998) that negatively influence performance on tasks requiring flexible mental manipulation (i.e., tasks commonly encountered at school and work). Accordingly, viewing red in an achievement context is posited to impair performance attainment because it evokes avoidance, which in turn, is inimical to performance. The activation, operation, and influence of avoidance motivation in this hypothesized red effect is thought to take place outside of conscious awareness; that is, it acts in an implicit rather than explicit fashion (see Friedman & Förster, 2010).Researchers have begun to explore such red associations in different variants of achievement situations, such as sporting contests, exam-like situations, and competence evaluations within impression formation scenarios. In the remainder of the chapter we provide an overview of empirical work on the effects of red on sport performance, cognitive mechanisms, behavioral processes, and psychophysiological activity in evaluative contexts. Red in evaluative contexts Red in sporting contextsExploring premise 2 and 4 of the CIC theory, several studies have investigated whether color has a psychological impact that influences performance and outcomes in sports. This work was ...

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Blinded by an error

Cited by 70 publications

References 42 publications

On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

On the Globality of Motor Suppression: Unexpected Events and Their Influence on Behavior and Cognition

Posterror speeding after threat-detection failure.

Color in achievement contexts in humans

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