Blending Established and New Perspectives on Choroid Plexus-CSF Dynamics

Johanson, Conrad E.; Keep, Richard F.

doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0536-3_2

Cited by 6 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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Section: Hexose and Urate Transporters In The Choroid Plexus Epithmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their morphological and functional similarities, CP is impressively described as the “kidney” of the brain [ 10 ]. CP epithelial cells share morphological features with the epithelia involved in extensive transcellular transport, such as the proximal tubular epithelial cells, including the presence of brush borders or microvilli on the apical membrane, basolateral infoldings (basal labyrinth), the formation of tight junctions between neighboring cells, and the abundance in mitochondria [ 1 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 169 , 170 ]. They both form a leaky barrier with transepithelial electrical resistance in the intermediate range due to the expression of claudin 2, the only pore-forming claudin [ 1 , 5 , 6 ], and they are responsible for purifying the extracellular fluid (plasma for the proximal tubular epithelium and CSF for the CP epithelium), resulting in the transfer of a relatively large volume of fluid.…”

Section: Hexose and Urate Transporters In The Choroid Plexus Epithmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, they protect the brain from physiological fluctuations in plasma components and from blood-borne neurotoxic substances [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. In contrast to the BBB or BCSFB, the ependymal cells that line the ventricular wall to separate the CSF from the brain ISF are interconnected with gap junctions, making them permeable to most substances, including macromolecules [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the primary functions of the CP is to produce and secrete a major fraction of the CSF, about 500 mL a day in human adults [ 8 , 13 ]. To meet the requirements for such a high yield demand, the CP epithelial cells have a spectrum of ion and organic solute transporters that are distinguishable from those present in the BBB endothelial cells [ 1 , 10 ]. These transporting functions require high energy expenditure; therefore, the CP receives its blood supply at a high rate (4 mL/min per gram), which is 5–10 times higher than the blood supply rate to the brain parenchyma [ 10 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To meet the requirements for such a high yield demand, the CP epithelial cells have a spectrum of ion and organic solute transporters that are distinguishable from those present in the BBB endothelial cells [ 1 , 10 ]. These transporting functions require high energy expenditure; therefore, the CP receives its blood supply at a high rate (4 mL/min per gram), which is 5–10 times higher than the blood supply rate to the brain parenchyma [ 10 , 13 ]. Moreover, the CP epithelial cells contain a large number of mitochondria, which comprise 12–15% of the adult cell volume [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium

Chiba

Murakami

Matsumoto

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The choroid plexus plays a central role in the regulation of the microenvironment of the central nervous system by secreting the majority of the cerebrospinal fluid and controlling its composition, despite that it only represents approximately 1% of the total brain weight. In addition to a variety of transporter and channel proteins for solutes and water, the choroid plexus epithelial cells are equipped with glucose, fructose, and urate transporters that are used as energy sources or antioxidative neuroprotective substrates. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the transporters of the SLC2A and SLC5A families (GLUT1, SGLT2, GLUT5, GLUT8, and GLUT9), as well as on the urate-transporting URAT1 and BCRP/ABCG2, which are expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells. The glucose, fructose, and urate transporters repertoire in the choroid plexus epithelium share similar features with the renal proximal tubular epithelium, although some of these transporters exhibit inversely polarized submembrane localization. Since choroid plexus epithelial cells have high energy demands for proper functioning, a decline in the expression and function of these transporters can contribute to the process of age-associated brain impairment and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Hexose and Urate Transporters In The Choroid Plexus Epithmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hexose and Urate Transporters In The Choroid Plexus Epithmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium

Chiba

Murakami

Matsumoto

et al. 2020

IJMS

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DCE-MRI of Brain Fluid Barriers: In Vivo Water Cycling at the Human Choroid Plexus

et al. 2021

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Regulation of brain fluid volumes and pressures: basic principles, intracranial hypertension, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus

Hladky,

Barrand

2024

Fluids Barriers CNS

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The principles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production, circulation and outflow and regulation of fluid volumes and pressures in the normal brain are summarised. Abnormalities in these aspects in intracranial hypertension, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus are discussed. The brain parenchyma has a cellular framework with interstitial fluid (ISF) in the intervening spaces. Framework stress and interstitial fluid pressure (ISFP) combined provide the total stress which, after allowing for gravity, normally equals intracerebral pressure (ICP) with gradients of total stress too small to measure. Fluid pressure may differ from ICP in the parenchyma and collapsed subarachnoid spaces when the parenchyma presses against the meninges. Fluid pressure gradients determine fluid movements. In adults, restricting CSF outflow from subarachnoid spaces produces intracranial hypertension which, when CSF volumes change very little, is called idiopathic intracranial hypertension (iIH). Raised ICP in iIH is accompanied by increased venous sinus pressure, though which is cause and which effect is unclear. In infants with growing skulls, restriction in outflow leads to increased head and CSF volumes. In adults, ventriculomegaly can arise due to cerebral atrophy or, in hydrocephalus, to obstructions to intracranial CSF flow. In non-communicating hydrocephalus, flow through or out of the ventricles is somehow obstructed, whereas in communicating hydrocephalus, the obstruction is somewhere between the cisterna magna and cranial sites of outflow. When normal outflow routes are obstructed, continued CSF production in the ventricles may be partially balanced by outflow through the parenchyma via an oedematous periventricular layer and perivascular spaces. In adults, secondary hydrocephalus with raised ICP results from obvious obstructions to flow. By contrast, with the more subtly obstructed flow seen in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), fluid pressure must be reduced elsewhere, e.g. in some subarachnoid spaces. In idiopathic NPH, where ventriculomegaly is accompanied by gait disturbance, dementia and/or urinary incontinence, the functional deficits can sometimes be reversed by shunting or third ventriculostomy. Parenchymal shrinkage is irreversible in late stage hydrocephalus with cellular framework loss but may not occur in early stages, whether by exclusion of fluid or otherwise. Further studies that are needed to explain the development of hydrocephalus are outlined.

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Blending Established and New Perspectives on Choroid Plexus-CSF Dynamics

Cited by 6 publications

References 202 publications

Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium

Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium

DCE-MRI of Brain Fluid Barriers: In Vivo Water Cycling at the Human Choroid Plexus

Regulation of brain fluid volumes and pressures: basic principles, intracranial hypertension, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus

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