Abstract. Virtual outcrop models are increasingly used in geoscience education to supplement field-based learning but their efficacy for teaching key 3D spatial thinking skills has not been tested. With the rapid increase in online digital learning resources and blended learning, most recently because of the global COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the role of virtual field environments to support and develop skills conventionally taught through field-based teaching has never been more critical. Virtual outcrops and virtual field environments have not been evaluated for their effectiveness in teaching and learning in geoscience, however. Here we show the efficacy of virtual outcrop models in improving 3D spatial thinking and provide evidence for positive perceptions amongst participants of using virtual outcrops in teaching and learning. Our results show that in a simple multiple choice scenario, participants were more likely to choose the 3D block diagram that best represents the structure when using a virtual outcrop (59 %), compared to more traditional representations, a geological map (50 %) and field photograph (40 %). We add depth to these results by capturing the perceptions of a cohort of students, within our full participants set, on the use of virtual outcrops for teaching and learning, after accessing a virtual field site and outcrops to which they had previously visited on a day's field teaching. We also asked all participants if and how virtual outcrops could be used effectively for teaching and training, recording 87 % of positive responses. However, only 2 % of participants felt that virtual outcrops could potentially replace in-field teaching. We note that these positive findings signal significant potential for effective use of virtual outcrops in a blended learning environment and for breaking barriers to ensure equality, diversity and inclusivity of geoscience field skills and teaching.