“…An increasing number of virtual environments 1 are designed to offer parts of this training (e.g. ; Cha, Han, Lee, & Choi, 2012;DeChamplain et al, 2012;Dugdale, Pavard, Pallamin, el Jed, & Maugan, 2004;Julien & Shaw, 2003;Li et al, 2004;Mantovani, Gamberini, Martinelli, & Varotto, 2001;Mol, Jorge, & Couto, 2008;Ren, Chen, & Luo, 2008;Tate, Sibert, & King, 1997;Toups, Kerne, Hamilton, & Blevins, 2009;Toups, Kerne, Hamilton, & Shahzad, 2011). Virtual emergency training is motivated by the fact that, unlike real-world emergency drills, virtual environments allow trainees to rehearse the situation several times, with controlled variations, contained costs, and under safe conditions (Kinateder et al, 2014); in addition, through simulated realistic situations and by including game elements, digital environments can increase learning motivation (Kovačević , Minović , Milovanović , De Pablos, & Starčević , 2013;Wong, Packard, Girod, & Pugh, 2000).…”