Blast Waves

Needham, Charles E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65382-2

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…In fact, the only study of cavitation using cerebrospinal fluid that was conducted indicates that porcine CSF has a divergent cavitation threshold from water (11). Thus, generating cavitation bubbles in water due to non-lethal overpressures would require a negative pressure that does not surpass the cavitation threshold of water (69,70). These critical modeling issues (e.g., choice of overpressure and negative pressure magnitudes, selection of CSF or CSF simulant), as well as the varied research approaches described below, make it clear that there is no standard approach for biological cavitation research.…”

Section: Methods For Studying Cavitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Fluid Cavitation as a Mechanism of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Debates, Methods, and Findings

Marsh

Bentil

2021

Front. Neurol.

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Cavitation has gained popularity in recent years as a potential mechanism of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). This review presents the most prominent debates on cavitation; how bubbles can form or exist within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain vasculature, potential mechanisms of cellular, and tissue level damage following the collapse of bubbles in response to local pressure fluctuations, and a survey of experimental and computational models used to address cavitation research questions. Due to the broad and varied nature of cavitation research, this review attempts to provide a necessary synthesis of cavitation findings relevant to bTBI, and identifies key areas where additional work is required. Fundamental questions about the viability and likelihood of CSF cavitation during blast remain, despite a variety of research regarding potential injury pathways. Much of the existing literature on bTBI evaluates cavitation based off its prima facie plausibility, while more rigorous evaluation of its likelihood becomes increasingly necessary. This review assesses the validity of some of the common assumptions in cavitation research, as well as highlighting outstanding questions that are essential in future work.

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Section: Methods For Studying Cavitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Fluid Cavitation as a Mechanism of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Debates, Methods, and Findings

Marsh

Bentil

2021

Front. Neurol.

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“…This phenomenon is similar to flow features observed when spherical shockwave reflections occur on interaction with a flat surface (Ben-Dor 2007). A typical example is when explosions occur at a specific height from the ground, and the blast wave interacts with the surface (Needham 2010). The vortex rings formed at the contact surface become larger and move towards the shock tube wall.…”

Section: Modelling the Shock Formation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the shockwave attenuation in miniature shock tubes

2021

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“…where M i is the Mach number of the incident wave. In order to calculate the distance R 0 without information of α min , Needham [2] proposed an empirical formula as…”

Section: Models Of Triple Point Pathmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The units for the height and the weight in the equation are centimetre and kiloton, respectively. Although this formula is originally obtained from nuclear explosions, it can also be used for conventional high-explosive tests [2,7]. It should be noted that a high explosive is about twice as effective at forming an air blast compared to a nuclear detonation.…”

Section: Models Of Triple Point Pathmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a new empirical formula for prediction of triple point path

2020

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This paper develops a new empirical formula for the prediction of the triple point path in irregular shock reflection cases. Numerical simulations using a two-dimensional axisymmetric multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation are employed to obtain the data of fluid density. Using the data of fluid density and nodal coordinates, the gradients of fluid density are determined and then used to generate numerical schlieren images. Based on these images, the triple point paths are derived and compared with the models of the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) and Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) as well as two models from the open literature. It is found that the numerically derived triple point paths are in good agreement with those predicted by a recently published model in the open literature for the typical ground range of shock wave propagation of up to 6 m. Considering the whole distance range, it is found that the agreement of different models of the triple point path with the numerical ones depends on the considered blast scenario, i.e., the scaled charge height. For small-scaled charge heights, the model of the UFC and the recently published model in the open literature are in better agreement with the numerical results than the other two models, whereas the NRDC model has the best agreement with the numerical results for large-scaled charge heights. Based on the numerical results, a new empirical formula is proposed for the prediction of the triple point path, which is valid for a wide range of the scaled charge heights from 0.5 to 3.5 m/kg1/3 and scaled ground distances up to 15 m/kg1/3.

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Blast Waves

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Cerebrospinal Fluid Cavitation as a Mechanism of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Debates, Methods, and Findings

Cerebrospinal Fluid Cavitation as a Mechanism of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Current Debates, Methods, and Findings

Insights into the shockwave attenuation in miniature shock tubes

Development of a new empirical formula for prediction of triple point path

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