Bladder cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer is a complex disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates if not treated optimally. Awareness of haematuria as the major presenting symptom is paramount, and early diagnosis with individualised treatment and follow-up is the key to a successful outcome. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the mainstay of treatment is complete resection of the tumour followed by induction and maintenance immunotherapy with intravesical BCG vaccine or intravesical chemotherapy. For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, multimodal treatment involving radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy offers the best chance for cure. Selected patients with muscle-invasive tumours can be offered bladder-sparing trimodality treatment consisting of transurethral resection with chemoradiation. Advanced disease is best treated with systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy; immunotherapy is emerging as a viable salvage treatment for patients in whom first-line chemotherapy cannot control the disease. Developments in the past 2 years have shed light on genetic subtypes of bladder cancer that might differ from one another in response to various treatments.

Expression and clinical significance of androgen receptor in bladder cancer: A meta-analysis

“…Bladder cancer is a disease of high recurrence and easy progression (6). Thus, it is necessary to monitor tumor recurrence throughout a patient's lifetime (34).…”

“…Lifestyle or environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke and industrial chemicals, are believed to be responsible for the gender-specific disparity in bladder cancer morbidity and aggressiveness (6). However, it remains a preferential disease in men even after controlling for these carcinogens (6).…”

“…Lifestyle or environmental factors, such as cigarette smoke and industrial chemicals, are believed to be responsible for the gender-specific disparity in bladder cancer morbidity and aggressiveness (6). However, it remains a preferential disease in men even after controlling for these carcinogens (6). Thus, a hypothesis has been proposed that the androgen receptor (AR) and related signaling pathways are involved in the etiology and progression of bladder cancer (7).…”

Upregulated GAPLINC predicts a poor prognosis in bladder cancer patients and promotes tumor proliferation and invasion

“…Approximately 75% of the cases are non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), which commonly recurs but rarely progresses. However, the remaining cases are muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), which have a worse prognosis and ultimately endanger the lives of patients (3,4). At present, little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer, and no sensitive prognostic biomarker has been identified (5).…”

CD164 promotes tumor progression and predicts the poor prognosis of bladder cancer

“…Most of bladder cancers are derived from urothelial cells, and roughly 75% of patients are nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and 25% have muscle invasive (MIBC) or metastatic disease 2. Despite the continuous development of medical techniques, the diagnostics, treatments, and survivals for bladder cancer have been largely unchanged since the 1990s 3.…”