Black-White Inequalities in Mortality and Life Expectancy, 1933–1999: Implications for Healthy People 2010

Levine, Robert S.; Foster, James E.; Fullilove, Robert E.; Fullilove, Mindy Thompson; Briggs, Nathaniel C.; Hull, Pamela C.; Husaini, Baqar A.; Hennekens, Charles H.

doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.474

Cited by 197 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Fourth, there are technical and conceptual limitations associated with examining race in epidemiologic analyses because it is complex and generally represents other economic, psychosocial, and environmental factors ( 17 – 19 ). Fifth, although whites were considered as the benchmark ( 20 ), or referent in this analysis, blacks had lower death rates for unintentional injury and suicide in some age groups and lower prevalences of binge drinking. Finally, differences within blacks and whites by sex, socioeconomic characteristics, and Hispanic subgroups were not considered, yet might modulate some of the relationships seen overall.…”

Section: Conclusion and Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans — United States, 1999–2015

Cunningham¹,

Croft²,

Liu³

et al. 2017

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

328

288

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BackgroundAlthough the overall life expectancy at birth has increased for both blacks and whites and the gap between these populations has narrowed, disparities in life expectancy and the leading causes of death for blacks compared with whites in the United States remain substantial. Understanding how factors that influence these disparities vary across the life span might enhance the targeting of appropriate interventions.MethodsTrends during 1999–2015 in mortality rates for the leading causes of death were examined by black and white race and age group. Multiple 2014 and 2015 national data sources were analyzed to compare blacks with whites in selected age groups by sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported health behaviors, health-related quality of life indicators, use of health services, and chronic conditions.ResultsDuring 1999–2015, age-adjusted death rates decreased significantly in both populations, with rates declining more sharply among blacks for most leading causes of death. Thus, the disparity gap in all-cause mortality rates narrowed from 33% in 1999 to 16% in 2015. However, during 2015, blacks still had higher death rates than whites for all-cause mortality in all groups aged <65 years. Compared with whites, blacks in age groups <65 years had higher levels of some self-reported risk factors and chronic diseases and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer, diseases that are most common among persons aged ≥65 years.Conclusions and Implications for Public Health PracticeTo continue to reduce the gap in health disparities, these findings suggest an ongoing need for universal and targeted interventions that address the leading causes of deaths among blacks (especially cardiovascular disease and cancer and their risk factors) across the life span and create equal opportunities for health.

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Section: Conclusion and Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans — United States, 1999–2015

Cunningham¹,

Croft²,

Liu³

et al. 2017

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

328

288

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…4,10 There is a continuing disparity in mortality rates for heart, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases between blacks and whites in the United States. 11 More than two thirds of patients with stage 2 hypertension will require therapy with 2 or more drugs to achieve BP control, and those with lower BP goals (eg, patients with diabetes or renal disease) or higher elevations in BP may require 3 or more agents from different antihypertensive classes. 5 Combining agents from different antihypertensive classes targets multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in BP elevations, which may lead to more effective BP lowering more promptly, at lower doses, and generally with fewer adverse events than with either component drug administered in high doses as monotherapy.…”

Section: Le Jacqmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amlodipine and Valsartan Combined and as Monotherapy in Stage 2, Elderly, and Black Hypertensive Patients: Subgroup Analyses of 2 Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Studies

Smith

Philipp

Vaı̈sse

et al. 2007

J of Clinical Hypertension

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Patients with difficult to control hypertension typically require 2 or more agents to achieve goal blood pressure (BP) levels. Fixed-dose combination therapies with lower doses generally are well tolerated and more effective than higher-dose monotherapy. The authors performed prespecified and post hoc subgroup analyses of 2 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials that assessed the efficacy and safety of amlodipine and valsartan, alone and in combination, in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Patients were randomized to amlodipine (study 1: 2.5 or 5 mg/d; study 2: 10 mg/d), valsartan (study 1: 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/d; study 2: 160 or 320 mg/d), combination therapy across the same dose ranges, or placebo. Analyses were performed on changes from baseline in mean sitting systolic and diastolic BP and the occurrence of adverse events in specific subgroups of patients (ie, those with stage 2 hypertension [post hoc], the elderly [65 years or older], and blacks [both prespecified]). Amlodipine + valsartan combination therapy was associated with greater BP-lowering effects in the subgroups compared with each respective monotherapy and placebo. These findings were consistent with the primary efficacy analysis results from the overall study populations. Combination regimens were generally well tolerated by all patient subgroups.

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“…African Americans suffer from worse health outcomes across the lifespan, compared with their White counterparts, and this gap widens in older adulthood (Levine et al, 2001; Williams, 2005). Recent research has demonstrated that African Americans experience onset of disability at younger ages, on average, and that the cumulative effects of lifelong disparities in health and access to care account for much of this inequality (M.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of disability in older adulthood and social support from a religious congregation: a growth curve analysis

Hayward

Krause

2012

J Behav Med

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This study examined the role of congregational support as a mechanism by which religious involvement may slow the decline of functional ability during late life. Disability was tracked longitudinally over a 4-year period in a national sample of 805 Black and White older adults from the Religion, Aging, and Health Survey. Individuals with more extensive disability reported receiving greater amounts of tangible support from their congregations. However, receiving higher levels of tangible support was also associated with a slower trajectory of increase in disability over time. The relationship between congregational support and disability did not differ significantly between Blacks and Whites. Results support the hypothesis that social support networks based in the religious group are responsible for some of the association between religious involvement and reduced risk of late life disability.

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Black-White Inequalities in Mortality and Life Expectancy, 1933–1999: Implications for Healthy People 2010

Cited by 197 publications

References 21 publications

Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans — United States, 1999–2015

Vital Signs: Racial Disparities in Age-Specific Mortality Among Blacks or African Americans — United States, 1999–2015

Amlodipine and Valsartan Combined and as Monotherapy in Stage 2, Elderly, and Black Hypertensive Patients: Subgroup Analyses of 2 Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Studies

Trajectories of disability in older adulthood and social support from a religious congregation: a growth curve analysis

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