Black-White Earnings Over the 1970s and 1980s: Gender Differences in Trends

Blau, Francine D.; Beller, Andrea H.

doi:10.2307/2109659

Cited by 112 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…Of the mothers who were employed at the beginning of the program, high school graduates are more likely to be employed at the end of the program than are mothers without high school diplomas. The positive and significant relationship between employment and education in this study and others (Blau & Beller, 1992;Coverman, 1983;Hersch, 1991;Jenkins, 1992;Kimmel, 1998;Moffitt & Roff, 2000) confirm the crucial role of education in the struggle towards economic self-sufficiency. Federal work requirements mandated by the 1996 Welfare reform act, have severely limited education and training opportunities (Bok & Simmons, 2002;Ditmar Coffield, 2002;Kaplan, 1999).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

A Comprehensive Employment Model for Low-Income Mothers

Urban¹,

Olson

2005

J Fam Econ Iss

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Recognizing that mothers continue to bear the primary responsibility for household production, comprehensive logit models are developed to predict employment for low-income mothers. The models include a wide array of possible employment impediments, including individual, family environment, and community variables. Lack of family resource management, a variable not previously investigated in employment prediction, is found to be a significant impediment to employment. Under welfare reform, low-income mothers must balance family and work demands under severe resource constraints. Family resource management appears to play a crucial role in this balancing process. In addition, the local unemployment rate is found to be a significant predictor of employment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

A Comprehensive Employment Model for Low-Income Mothers

Urban¹,

Olson

2005

J Fam Econ Iss

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“…The premium for a college degree relative to a high school diploma grew more than 50% between 1979 and 1994 for all workers, as earnings for high school graduates fell (Gottschalk 1997). Although degree attainment has increased for both black women and white women, white women's degree advantage relative to black women grew during the 1980s (Blau and Beller 1992;Bound and Dresser 1999). Many studies find that differential educational attainment contributed significantly to the black-white wage gap among women in the 1980s with estimated contributions ranging from 25% to 40% of the wage gap (Antecol and Bedard 2002;Blau and Beller 1992;Bound and Dresser 1999;Kim 2002).…”

Section: Skills Mismatchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the black-white wage gap among men is higher than women's, it has remained fairly stable (Bernhardt et al 2001;Western and Pettit 2005) while the gap among women grew steadily throughout both the 1980s and 1990s. The growth in the wage gap among black and white women is puzzling in light of the previous convergence of wages, the increasing occupational diversity of black women, and the apparent decline in racial discrimination in the post-Civil Rights era (Blau and Beller 1992;Burstein 1979;Katz et al 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, there have been few analyses of the black-white wage gap among women that extend beyond estimating the magnitude of the gap and the effect of changing selection into the labor force (Blau and Beller 1992;Browne and Askew 2005;Neal 2004). In addition, much of the research has been limited to young women because, in a sense, they are "canaries in the coal mine," and particularly vulnerable to structural shifts (Antecol and Bedard 2002;Bound and Dresser 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accumulating Disadvantage: The Growth in the Black–White Wage Gap Among Women

Dozier

2010

J Afr Am St

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Between 1980 and 2002, the black-white wage gap among women tripled, climbing steadily despite improving economic conditions in the 1990s. Relative distribution analysis shows an increasingly dense accumulation of black women's wages in the lowest deciles of white women's wage distribution over time. Although the transition to an "office economy" rewarded both black and white women with wage gains, white women reaped greater benefits. During the 1990s, black managers and professionals lost ground relative to white women, but also relative to other black women workers. Regardless of the economic climate, then, black women accumulated disadvantage, suffering most in the chilly economic climate of the 1980s, and benefiting least during the economic expansion of the 1990s.

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“…It has been demonstrated that most wage equations suffer from sample selection bias due to a misspecification problem and failure to address this problem will undoubtedly produce biased estimates (Heckman 1979). Those studies that have examined the self-selection issues have only concentrated on one source of the sample selection bias problem, which arises from an individual's propensity to participate in the labor market (Blau and Beller 1992;Neal 2003;and Heckman et al 2000). However, in estimating the wage equations for blacks and whites, two sources of sample selection bias are eminent: the individual's decision to participate in the labor market and the firm's decision to hire the individual.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%