“…This exists alongside work on the presence of Christian and Muslim slaves in the Holy Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mediterranean (Barker, 2019; Graf, 2017; Hanβ, 2019; Johnson, 2011). More recently again, there have been efforts to examine transnational approaches to race through the institution of Catholicism and the cultural lens of religious conversion (Fromont, 2014; Martínez, 2008; Rowe, 2019). We now know that tens of thousands of enslaved people from West and Central African kingdoms were traded to the European coast of the Mediterranean, that there were very different institutions, networks and bodies of thought devoted to this process, and that the communities it created were multilingual and cosmopolitan (Barker, 2019; Brahm & Rosenhaft, 2016; Habib, 2008; Kaufmann, 2017; Otele, 2020; Ponte, 2020).…”