“…The flourishing scholarship on premodern race now includes an array of approaches: on race and nation, ethnicity, physical characteristics, and servitude, and on racial performances, among others. In the history of science and medicine, other scholars have examined premodern race‐making across different knowledge cultures; for example, Hannah Murphy has explored how the process of enslavement created “learned scientific discourses of categories of human differences” (Murphy, 2021; also Schaub & Sebastiani, 2021; Smith, 2015, 2017). In short, many scholars have argued that race is not only a viable category of inquiry but also a key phenomenon for understanding premodern history.…”