Black Carbon em Material Particulado nas Residências de Idosos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract

ResumoO material particulado fino (MP) e o Black Carbon são dois dos piores poluentes atmosféricos, afetando a saúde humana. Apesar disso, não há dados na literatura sobre estes poluentes no interior de residências no Brasil. Nosso objetivo é analisar as partículas menores que 0,25 mm (MP 0,25 ) e o rBC no interior de residências de idosos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), em que a poluição do ar tem sido um problema sério devido às emissões veiculares. Em 60 residências, em cada amostra de 24 h foram medidos a massa e o rBC por análise gravimétrica e refletância, respectivamente. As concentrações em massa do MP 0,25 e do rBC foram avaliadas em função das condições meteorológicas e do tráfego. A massa média do MP 0,25 e de rBC foram de 13,6 e 2,8 mg/m 3 , respectivamente. O MP 0,25 ultrapassou a recomendação da OMS para MP 2,5 em 11,7% das residências, sendo que 26,2% da massa do MP 0,25 foi composta por rBC. Considerando que o rBC é um traçador das emissões veiculares e, é prejudicial para a saúde humana, é importante que este poluente seja considerado em termos de ações de políticas públicas de controle para a melhoria da qualidade do ar na RMSP. , in which air pollution has been a serious problem due to the vehicular emissions. In 60 indoor dwellings, each PM sample was obtained during 24 hours, being the mass and rBC measured by gravimetric analysis and reflectance, respectively. The mass of PM 0,25 and rBC were evaluated in function of the traffic and meteorological conditions; being the average concentrations 13.7 and 2.8 mg/m 3 , respectively. The PM 0.25 exceeded the guideline from the WHO threshold for PM 2.5 in 11.7% of households. Around 26% of the PM 2.5 consisted in rBC, which was due to their proximity of the intense traffic routes. Considering that the rBC is a tracer of the vehicular emissions and it is harmful to the elderly health, it is important that this pollutant be considered in terms of public control actions for air quality improvement in RMSP. Keywords: air pollution, black carbon, fine particulate matter, indoor. IntroduçãoO material particulado (MP), partículas líquidas e sólidas suspensas no ar, é um dos componentes da poluição atmosférica que pode causar problemas de visibilidade, interferir na radiação solar que chega na superfície terrestre, afetar as plantas e animais e, principalmente causar danos à saúde humana. O MP é classificado de acordo com seu diâmetro aerodinâmico e tem sido observada relação direta com a capacidade de penetração no trato respiratório. As partículas inaláveis, as quais também são material parRevista Brasileira de Meteorologia, v. 31, n. 3, 311-318, 2016 rbmet.org.br DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-778631320150145 Artigo Autor de correspondência: Bruna Segalin, segalin@model.iag.usp.br.

Size–segregated particulate matter inside residences of elderly in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, Brazil

“…Results of our previous work showed that the black carbon measured by reflectance (rBC; tracer of fuel combustion) was more than 26% of the PM <0.25 measured in these elderly residences. These results indicate a significant contribution from vehicular emissions inside our studied residences due to the majority of them being close to streets with intense road traffic (Segalin et al, 2016).…”

“…Consolação and Av. Nove de Julho) where 21% of PM <0.25 was found to be rBC (Segalin et al, 2016). Therefore, the vehicular traffic seems to have made important influence to bring the observed differences in PM 2.5 mass concentration.…”

“…The highest concentration of outdoor PM <0.25 can be expected due to the contribution of elemental and organic carbon (Singh et al, 2003) and sulphates (Freitas and Solci, 2009), which are generated through combustion process and gas-to-particle conversion (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2016). Likewise, our 26% of indoor PM <0.25 was represented by rBC (Segalin et al, 2016) that consisted mainly the elemental carbon (Seinfeld and Pandis, 2016), explaining these highest concentrations in indoor elderly residences. Table 3 shows the mean meteorological parameter in each cluster (Figure 4), taken from the IAG station (Climatological Report, 2016), which had a mean distance of 13.9 km from the studied residences.…”

“…The fraction of fine particles inside the elderly residences is much higher (~18%) than those in the outdoor environment of the MASP where PM 2.5 contribution to PM 10 is ~60% (CETESB, 2015). On the other hand, the PM <0.25 is a dominant fraction of fine particles, contributing up to about 50% of PM 2.5 (Segalin et al, 2016), suggesting their origin from fuel burn by vehicles. Results of our previous work showed that the black carbon measured by reflectance (rBC; tracer of fuel combustion) was more than 26% of the PM <0.25 measured in these elderly residences.…”

“…The effects of traffic influence in sample #27, compared with the rest of the samples, can be disregarded because of the lowest proportion of rBC (i.e., 0.9% of the PM <0.25 mass) being found in this sample (Segalin et al, 2016). We also investigated the influence of cigarette smoking in indoor elderly residences since such a smoke can contribute notably to very fine particles (e.g., PM <0.25 ) than residences without a smoker (Table 2).…”