Bitter Gourd Honey Ameliorates Hepatic and Renal Diabetic Complications on Type 2 Diabetes Rat Models by Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms

Abstract

Honey has several pharmacological effects, including anti-diabetic activity. However, the effectiveness of bitter gourd honey (BGH) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties of BGH on the kidney and liver of a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. Methods: A single dose (nicotinamide 110 mg/kg, streptozotocin (STZ) 55 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)) was used to induce DM in male rats. For 28 days, normal or diabetic rats were administered 1 g/kg/day and 2 g/kg/day of BGH orally. After the treatment, blood, liver, and kidney samples were collected and analysed for biochemical, histological, and molecular parameters. In addition, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the major bioactive components in BGH. Results: The administration of BGH to diabetic rats resulted in significant reductions in alanine transaminase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and urea levels. Diabetic rats treated with BGH showed lesser pathophysiological alterations in the liver and kidney as compared to non-treated control rats. BGH-treated diabetic rats exhibited reduced levels of oxidative stress (MDA levels), inflammatory (MYD88, NFKB, p-NFKB, IKKβ), and apoptotic (caspase-3) markers, as well as higher levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) in the liver and kidney. BGH contains many bioactive compounds that may have antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Conclusion: BGH protected the liver and kidney in diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis-induced damage. As a result, BGH can be used as a potential therapy to ameliorate diabetic complications.

Rosinidin Flavonoid Ameliorates Hyperglycemia, Lipid Pathways and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

“…These findings are consistent with prior research that found flavonoids to have hepatorenal protective properties [ 29 ]. Rosinidin molecules significantly suppress amylase enzymes, signifying anti-diabetic effects; this is consistent with prior studies on other flavonoids [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Furthermore, rosinidin protects vital tissues including the pancreas, thereby lowering risks of diabetes-related complications.…”

Aloe vera and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus

“…Usually, in rats or mice, a single dose in the range of 50 to 65 mg/kg is used most frequently (Goyal et al 2016 ; Wang-Fischer and Garyantes 2018 ). Also in some studies, a single dose of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) along with STZ (55 mg/kg) was used to induce DM in rats (Arigela et al 2021 ), while the administration of a low dose (40 mg/kg) of STZ along with a high-fat diet can develop a metabolic syndrome model (Suman et al 2016 ; Ameer and Salman 2021 ). GLUT-2 is a plasma membrane glucose transporter through which STZ enters and accumulates in pancreatic β-cell (Tjälve et al 1976 ; Damasceno et al 2014 ).…”

Gallocatechin-silver nanoparticles embedded in cotton gauze patches accelerated wound healing in diabetic rats by promoting proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

“…The study was approved by ethical committee, institutional animal ethics committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2019-210806/PHYSIO/R/GN). The induction of diabetics was described previously [ 16 ]. Briefly, overnight fasting rats were injected with nicotinamide (110 mg/kg bw; i.p) after 15 min, rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at 55 mg/kg bw.…”