Bisphenol A in edible tissues of rams exposed to repeated low-level dietary dose by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Abstract

The presented work deals with levels and distribution of bisphenol A (BPA) in the edible tissues of a large food-producing animal species. An experimental animal study included 14 young Istrian pramenka rams (Ovis aries), of which seven were exposed for 64 days to a low dietary dose of BPA at 25 µg/kg b.w./day, and seven served as a control group. Residue analysis of both aglycone and total BPA was performed in the muscle tissue, liver, kidney and fat tissue of the individual animals by means of enzymatic deconjugation (for total BPA), organic solvent extraction, molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MISPE) clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLU). The analysis was optimized and validated for aglycone BPA in the fat tissue and for the total BPA in all tissues investigated. Edible tissues of the control group of rams generally remained BPA-free, while there were concentration differences between the control and treated groups for liver and kidney post last administration. The human health risk resulting from this study was assessed by the estimated dietary exposure in adults, which was < 0.1% related to the valid European Union Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) value of 4 µg/kg b.w./day. However, it would be 58-fold higher than the newly proposed TDI value of 0.04 ng/kg b.w./day.

Experimental Exposure to Bisphenol A Has Minimal Effects on Bone Tissue in Growing Rams—A Preliminary Study

“…Similar results were previously observed for ram body mass and reproductive parameters [ 51 ]. Rams’ internal exposure to BPA was detected in the BPA-exposed group, as previously reported in the Materials and Methods [ 48 , 51 ]. Concentrations in the liver and kidney were measured only a few hours after administering the last dose of the procedure, meaning that the concentrations in the tissues were probably temporary and not the result of any accumulation.…”

“…Chemicals and their preparation were previously reported by Cerkvenik-Flajs et al [ 48 ]. Briefly, once daily, BPA (certified reference standard of ≥99.0% analytical purity, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, dissolved in anhydrous ethanol at 2.5 mg/mL) was administered to the treated group in feed at a dose of 25 µg/kg bw, while a control group received 1 mL of ethanol daily in feed with no BPA [ 48 ]. During the study, the solutions were stored at ambient temperature in sealed amber glass bottles.…”

“…The rams were premedicated with xylazine i/v (2 mL Xylased 5%, Chanelle Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Loughrea, Ireland) and euthanized after 7–10 min with pentobarbital (Exagon, Richter Pharma, Wels, Austria; 2 mL/10 kg bw). After euthanasia, we dissected the left and right femur bones for further analysis and collected the liver and kidneys for the study of edible tissues [ 48 , 51 ]. The same veterinarian checked the health status of the animals throughout the procedure, weighed the animals weekly, obtained blood samples, and performed anesthesia and euthanasia at the end of the procedure.…”

Bisphenol A Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor Based on Graphene Quantum Dots with Boron Functionalized g-C3N4 in Food Samples

“…Analyses of real samples such as blood, urine, and hair have been performed in previous studies to determine the severity of BPA exposure from different sources in organisms [4]. For instance, chromatography [5], enzyme immobilization [6], the fluorescence method [7], and the colorimetric technique [6] was developed for BPA detection in real samples. However, these methods had some difficulties such as complex sample preparation steps and high-priced instrumentation.…”