Bisphenol A and cattle fertility

Abstract

From retrospective studies, we have observed that from past few decades the industrialization growing very fast in developed as well as developing countries. This introduced many kinds of products which stamped their deleterious effect on environment, flora and fauna much more efficiently than their useful one. One of them which are recently hot topic for researchers is plastic. Plastic pollution is the major headache and concerning topic for researchers in various aspects like its production and commercial use. The major concern is its efficient as well as harmless disposal because of its harmful chemical composition, which are released during recycling and disposal and are deleterious for environment and living creatures, both. One of such chemicals is bisphenol A (BPA), a phenol group containing organic compound most widely used in industries like polycarbonate plastic, plastic canned food and epoxy resins. It is responsible for many kinds of physiological acute as well as chronic disorders in humans and animals but have the major effect on reproductive system and endocrine disrupter. Effect on bovine reproduction and fertility is of major concern because India became highest milk producer in the world with 198.4 million tones, which is increased by 35.61% from last 6 years. It affects the bovine reproductive system in many ways like affecting the cellular functions and morphology (granulose, theca, cumulus complex etc.) as well as embryonic level too. To maintain such type of high production level it is necessary to properly manage the reproductive performance of bovines. Reproduction is composed of different interconnected cellular and molecular events; such processis badly affected at different levels by bisphenol A because of its deleterious effect some country restricted its use and industries become shifted to use bisphenol S (bisphenol A substitute) but after various studies it is proven that it is a "regrettable substitute" rather than substitute. There are many few researches on that field, so there is a urge of more and more studies regarding their effect on bovine fertility. By this review we want to make awareness among the people about the dangerous and unwanted effects of such elements on cattle as well as other living organisms also and request researchers to go for future studies and experiments on its other type of unwanted effects not only on the cattle but other living creatures also to prevent further harm to our ecosystem by spreading knowledge and minimizing the use of plastic based products.

Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Livestock Health: An Emerging Risk for Reproductive Efficiency

“…Saleh et al [ 79 ] also reported that BPA increased apoptotic gene expression in bovine oocytes. Both BPA and BPS (such as BPA) disrupt oocytes-secreted proteins (GDF9 and CX37), damage the gap junctional intercellular communication of COCs (cumulus–oophore complexes) [ 80 ] and impair the prophase I-to-MII transition in oocytes [ 81 ]. In addition, BPS has effects on the relative abundance of maternal mRNA, while BPS exposure induced changes in the protein secretion, distribution of estrogen receptors α and ß and of aromatase in oocytes [ 75 ].…”

“…Additionally, the detection of BPA was associated with a reduced cleavage rate and development of embryos at the blastocyst stage and alteration in gene expression in cattle [ 80 ]. The results from several studies on rat pups produced by a dam exposed to BPA showed reduced birth weights, lower weights in males, especially before birth, and a positive correlation between maternal BPA and both weight/size of the offspring [ 92 , 93 ].…”

“…Additionally, BPA alters the energy metabolism and reduces sperm storage, sperm transit time and mitochondrial activity while increasing the apoptosis of Sertoli cells, the percentage of immature sperm and sperm DNA damage, thus determining the lesser semen quality [ 74 , 99 , 100 ]. These alterations have also been found in dogs, cats and goats, while the possibility of an increased prevalence of prostate cancer has been suggested [ 80 ].…”

“…In some studies, there have been associations of BPA with sexual functions, erectile functions, ejaculation, cryptorchidism and congenital genital malformations (due to the differentiation of Wolffian structures) in males [ 74 ]. In some comparative studies, it was concluded that BPA causes abnormalities in meiosis, spindle fibers and congenital defects in mice, pigs, cattle and humans [ 80 , 101 ].…”