Birth Size and Rapid Infant Weight Gain—Where Does the Obesity Risk Lie?

Lyons-Reid, Jaz; Albert, Benjamin B.; Kenealy, Timothy; Cutfield, Wayne S.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.10.078

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…A clear limitation for the use of zWFH is the lack of age-dependent standardisation, which is resolved when one makes use of zBMI (20,45). However, a shortcoming of the use of BMI to study future risk of obesity, is the fact that BMI does not consistently reflect body composition (46). It has even been suggested that BMI and BMI increase during early childhood is more predictive of lean mass than adiposity during adulthood (47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent Classes of Anthropometric Growth in Early Childhood Using Uni- and Multivariate approaches in a South African Birth Cohort

van Biljon,

Lake,

Goddard

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Conventional methods for modelling longitudinal growth data focus on the analysis of mean longitudinal trends or the identification of abnormal growth based on cross-sectional standardized z-scores. Latent Class Mixed Modelling (LCMM) considers the underlying heterogeneity in growth profiles and allows for the identification of groups of subjects that follow similar longitudinal trends. Methods: LCMM was used to identify underlying latent profiles of growth for univariate responses of standardized height, standardized weight, standardized body mass index and standardized weight-for-length/height measurements and multivariate response of joint standardized height and standardized weight measurements from birth to five years for a sample of 1143 children from a South African birth cohort, the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS). Allocations across latent growth classes were compared to better understand the differences and similarities across the classes identified given different composite measures of height and weight as input. Results: Four classes of growth within standardized height (n1=516, n2=112, n3=187, n4=321) and standardized weight (n1=263, n2=150, n3=584, n4=142), three latent growth classes within Body Mass Index (BMI) (n1=481, n2=485, n3=149) and Weight for length/height (WFH) (n1=321, n2=710, n3=84) and five latent growth classes within the multivariate response of standardized height and standardized weight (n1=318, n2=205, n3=75, n4=296, n5=242) were identified, each with distinct trajectories over childhood. A strong association was found between various growth classes and abnormal growth features such as rapid weight gain, stunting, underweight and overweight. Conclusions: With the identification of these classes, a better understanding of distinct childhood growth trajectories and their predictors may be gained, informing interventions to promote optimal childhood growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent Classes of Anthropometric Growth in Early Childhood Using Uni- and Multivariate approaches in a South African Birth Cohort

van Biljon,

Lake,

Goddard

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Different factors are thought to interact in the relationship between breast milk and prevention of both overweight and precocious puberty, such as insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-1 [120,140] and leptin [141,142] levels, different bioactive nutrients present in human and formula milk [136], the microbioma composition [6,143], and appropriate self-regulation of feeding [136,144]. Increased levels of IGF-1 were indeed detected both in formula-fed infants [140] and in babies who experienced fast weight gain in the first months of life [145]. Importantly, high IGF-1 levels have been correlated with enhanced sex steroid production [146] (facilitating GnRH secretion [147]) and pubertal development [148].…”

Section: Breastfeedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Pediatric Nutrition as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Precocious Puberty

Calcaterra

Verduci

Magenes

et al. 2021

Life

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Puberty is a critical phase of growth and development characterized by a complex process regulated by the neuroendocrine system. Precocious puberty (PP) is defined as the appearance of physical and hormonal signs of pubertal development at an earlier age than is considered normal. The timing of puberty has important public health, clinical, and social implications. In fact, it is crucial in psychological and physical development and can impact future health. Nutritional status is considered as one of the most important factors modulating pubertal development. This narrative review presents an overview on the role of nutritional factors as determinants of the timing of sexual maturation, focusing on early-life and childhood nutrition. As reported, breast milk seems to have an important protective role against early puberty onset, mainly due to its positive influence on infant growth rate and childhood overweight prevention. The energy imbalance, macro/micronutrient food content, and dietary patterns may modulate the premature activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, inducing precocious activation of puberty. An increase in knowledge on the mechanism whereby nutrients may influence puberty will be useful in providing adequate nutritional recommendations to prevent PP and related complications.

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“…Furthermore, growing evidence has suggested the greatest long-term risk of excessive adiposity and the accompanying comorbidities across life among infants who have been found to have intrauterine growth restriction followed by rapid weight gain in infancy ( 10 , 12 – 15 ). Notably, increasing evidence has shown that children who experience rapid weight gain in early postnatal life are more prone to developing obesity and related diseases than those born SGA only ( 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

You

Qie

et al. 2022

Front. Endocrinol.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to identify the weight gain patterns of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants in early life and to explore the predictive value for later overweight/obesity in childhood.MethodsWe obtained data from a prospective cohort including term SGA infants born between January 2006 and November 2015 who received regular health care from birth to 5 years in West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, China. A latent class growth analysis (LCGA) was applied to group children with similar growth trajectory patterns. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association between weight gain patterns and later overweight/obesity.ResultsA total of 296 term SGA infants were finally included. Five weight gain trajectories were identified, including excessive rapid catch-up growth (ERCG) (class 1, 10.9%), rapid catch-up growth (RCG) (class 2, 17.9%), appropriate catch-up growth (ACG) (class 3, 53.0%), slow catch-up growth (SCG) (class 4, 13.4%) and almost no catch growth (NCG) (class 5, 4.8%). SGA infants in class 1 and class 2 had a higher BMI according to age- and sex-specific Z scores from 2–5 years of age. In addition, 25% of SGA infants in class 1 and 13.2% of SGA infants in class 2 were found to be overweight/obese at 2-5 years of age. After adjusting for confounders, we found that extremely rapid weight gain (class 1) in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity by 2.1 times at 2 to 5 years of age (aOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3~4.8; P<0.05). Furthermore, the increment of ΔWAZ between 0 and 4 mo was prominently related to the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years for term SGA infants (aOR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.7~8.1; P<0.001). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the area under curve (AUC) was 0.7, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.6 to 0.8 (P<0.001).ConclusionsThe extremely rapid weight gain pattern of term SGA infants in the first 2 years of life increased the risk of overweight/obesity at 2 to 5 years of age. It suggests monitoring weight gain across the infant period represents a first step towards primary prevention of childhood obesity.

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Birth Size and Rapid Infant Weight Gain—Where Does the Obesity Risk Lie?

Cited by 9 publications

References 53 publications

Latent Classes of Anthropometric Growth in Early Childhood Using Uni- and Multivariate approaches in a South African Birth Cohort

Latent Classes of Anthropometric Growth in Early Childhood Using Uni- and Multivariate approaches in a South African Birth Cohort

The Role of Pediatric Nutrition as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Precocious Puberty

Early-life weight gain patterns of term small-for-gestational-age infants and the predictive ability for later childhood overweight/obesity: A prospective cohort study

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