Birth order and social behavior.

Warren, Jonathan R.

doi:10.1037/h0022739

Cited by 167 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…SES). For example, most studies of childcare do not consider or report the birth status of children; yet only, firstborn and laterborn children are known to differ in their psychological development (Galton, 1874;Schachter, 1959;Warren, 1966;Zajonc & Markus, 1975;Plomin & Daniels, 1987;Sulloway, 1996;Michalski & Shackelford, 2001). They, too, could certainly experience, be treated and interpret childcare differently (Silverstein, 1991).…”

Section: Child Maternal and Family Selection Factorsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Long‐term cumulative effects of childcare on children's mental development and socioemotional adjustment in a non‐risk sample: the moderating effects of gender

Bornstein

Hahn

Gist

et al. 2006

Early Child Development and Care

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We studied the long-term cumulative effects of two common indices of childcare-the total number of hours of non-maternal care and the mean hour-weighted child-to-caregiver ratio per caregiving situation-on mental development and socioemotional adjustment from birth to 4.5 years old in a non-risk middle-class sample of girls and boys after taking into consideration child (gender and sibling status), maternal (education and concepts of child development), and family selection (socioeconomic status [SES] factors. Childcare indices did not differ in girls and boys year by year. Children experienced less non-maternal care in their first year of life, but afterward children encountered more children in their caregiving situations in proportion to the number of caregivers. At age 4.5 years, girls scored higher on cognitive and language measures than boys, and boys exhibited more externalizing problem behaviors than girls. Hours of non-maternal care were not a predictor of mental development or socioemotional adjustment; however, the child-to-caregiver ratio was. For cognitive outcomes, the ratio exerted a positive effect on children from higher SES backgrounds versus no effect on children from average or lower SES backgrounds. For behavioral adjustment outcomes, a higher ratio was associated with fewer behavioral problems in girls and more behavioral problems in boys. Different basic indices of childcare appear to have different long-term cumulative effects for different domains of development in girls and boys.

show abstract

Section: Child Maternal and Family Selection Factorsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Long‐term cumulative effects of childcare on children's mental development and socioemotional adjustment in a non‐risk sample: the moderating effects of gender

Bornstein

Hahn

Gist

et al. 2006

Early Child Development and Care

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(8,13)]. Much of this work has involved measuring effects exhibited by the dependent variable as a function of experimentally induced anxiety or anxiety-related states.…”

Section: A Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Rank and Pre-Experimental Anxiety

Jacoby

1968

The Journal of Social Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Eisenman and Platt (1968) , Moran (1967), andWarren (1966) have concluded that first-born adults are more susceptible to social pressures and therefore more dependent than are later born, but Crandall, Katkovsky, and Crandall (1965) and MacDonald (1971) claim just the opposite . Schildhaus (1974), using children as subjects, found that first-born children have a high need for social approval and a more external locus of control, whereas the opposite is true for later borns .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of birth order on locus of control

Walter

Ziegler

1980

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nine-year-old children were used in examination of the effects of birth order on locus of control. It was found that both the first born and the last born in families of three siblings or more had a more external locus of control than middle-born children. In addition, last-born children were more external in large families . It is probable that failure of previous studies to agree on similar effects was due to differences in the number of siblings for subjects used in the sample.In general, an external locus of control, the feeling that events are not under an individual's control, is thought to be largely the result of parental attention in childhood . A child receiving a great deal of parental attention looks to social approval for support rather than to himself, and this results in the development of a more external locus of control than children not receiving parental attention would have. First-born children receive more direct parental attention than later born, who must compete with siblings for such attention (Lasko , 1954;Sears, 1950) and are accordingly thought to develop a more external locus of control.Studies using adult subjects have shown mixed support for this assertion. Eisenman and Platt (1968) , Moran (1967), andWarren (1966) have concluded that first-born adults are more susceptible to social pressures and therefore more dependent than are later born, but Crandall, Katkovsky, and Crandall (1965) and MacDonald (1971) claim just the opposite . Schildhaus (1974), using children as subjects, found that first-born children have a high need for social approval and a more external locus of control, whereas the opposite is true for later borns . Newhouse (1974), on the other hand, found no significant locus-of-control difference between first-and later-born 9-to 10-year-old children.In these studies the number of siblings in families from which children were selected varied widely. For example, in the MacDonald (1971) study, most firstand later-born children were from two-sibling families; very few were from larger families. Newhouse (1974) and Schildhaus (1974), in contradictory studies , used some larger families, but both reported scores only for first-and later-born groups. Thus, any birth-order effects in later-born children were left untested. This is unfortunate , for there is reason to suspect that last-born children in large families might have a more external locus of control (due to parental attention) than middleborn children. This study examines this possibility by separating relatively large sibling groups into first-, middle-, and last-born groups rather than first-and laterborn groups. METHOD SubjectsFifteen each first-born, middle-born , and last-born 9-yearold elementary students of both sexes were randomly selected from three elementary schools in white middle-class suburbs of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. All children were drawn from families of three children or more. The mean number of children (including the subject) in each group was 4.2, 4.5 , and 3.7 , respectively, and the number ...

show abstract

Birth order and social behavior.

Cited by 167 publications

References 40 publications

Long‐term cumulative effects of childcare on children's mental development and socioemotional adjustment in a non‐risk sample: the moderating effects of gender

Long‐term cumulative effects of childcare on children's mental development and socioemotional adjustment in a non‐risk sample: the moderating effects of gender

Birth Rank and Pre-Experimental Anxiety

The effects of birth order on locus of control

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About