Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio in a Population with High Fertility: Are Turkish Male to Female Transsexuals Different?

Bozkurt, Ali; Bozkurt, Özlem Hekim; Sönmez, İpek

doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0425-9

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This reaction would become stronger after each pregnancy and could cause both homosexuality and gender dysphoria in assigned males birth. Birth order and sibling ratio have been examined in androphilic transgender women, who were found to be late in birth order and have a predominance of brothers (Blanchard, Zucker, Cohen-Kettenis, Gooren, & Bailey, 1996;Bozkurt, Bozkurt, & Sonmez, 2015;Poasa et al, 2004;Tsoi, Kok, & Long, 1977; VanderLaan & Vasey, 2011). However, a study from South Korea found a predominance of older sisters (Zucker, Blanchard, Kim, Pae, & Lee, 2007).…”

Section: Birth Order Sibling Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Dysphoria

2013

DSM-5® Clinical Cases

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Gender identity refers to an innate and deeply felt psychological identification as a female, male, or some other non-binary gender. Gender identity may be congruent or incongruent with the sex assigned at birth. Gender dysphoria refers to the discomfort or distress that gender incongruence may cause. If the distress is clinically significant, the individual may need gender-affirming treatment. The literature is sparse with respect to the etiology, prevalence, and long-term outcomes. The overall aim of this thesis is to further our understanding of gender dysphoria regarding neurobiological characteristics, epidemiology, and health following gender-affirming treatment. Study I explored the hypothesis that cerebral activation in hormone-naïve transgender women (assigned males at birth) on exposure to odorous steroids would be in line with their gender identity, and thus similar to cisgender women but different to cisgender men. Gender dysphoric transgender women demonstrated a cerebral activation pattern that corresponded predominately to that of cisgender females, but also some cisgender male characteristics. Study II described the prevalence and changes in incidence of applications for change of legal gender and applications to reverse the procedure during 1960-2010. The incidence of gender dysphoria increased three times for individuals assigned male at birth, and two and half time times for individuals assigned female at birth. The increase accelerated after 2001. The rate of reversal applications was 2.2% with a significant decline over the study period. Study III explored long-term mortality and psychiatric morbidity after sex reassignment in a nationwide cohort study (1973-2003). The overall mortality rate was higher in individuals who had undergone legal and medical transition compared with the general population for the whole period, but not for the period 1989-2003. Probands had more psychiatric inpatient care and suicide attempts compared with controls for the whole period as well as the period 1989-2003 (with the exception of suicide attempts). This study cannot determine the effectiveness of gender-affirming medical intervention, but the results highlight the need for better health care following gender transition. Study IV examined outcomes following legal and surgical gender transition, mean (SD) follow-up time 7.2 (7.3) years, by means of individual interviews with 16 men (assigned female at birth) and 49 women (assigned male at birth). The vast majority of the participants felt gender congruent and global clinically improved, but the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity and suicide attempts was high. Childhood adversities and adult stressful life events were common. Being born abroad, childhood adversities, and not being accepted by others in assigned gender predicted current psychiatric morbidity.

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Section: Birth Order Sibling Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Dysphoria

2013

DSM-5® Clinical Cases

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“…has also been documented in non-Western cultures including Brazil (VanderLaan et al, 2016), Turkey (Bozkurt, Bozkurt, & Sonmez, 2015), and Samoa Vasey & VanderLaan, 2007).…”

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confidence: 92%

Birth order and recalled childhood gender nonconformity in Samoan men and fa'afafine

Semenyna

VanderLaan

Vasey

2017

Developmental Psychobiology

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Having a greater than average number of older biological brothers is a robust correlate of male androphilia (i.e., sexual attraction and arousal to adult males). Previous investigations have sought to understand whether this fraternal birth order (FBO) effect is also systematically related to recalled indicators of childhood gender nonconformity (CGN). However, these investigations have relied on data from low-fertility Western populations in which expressions of femininity in male children are routinely stigmatized and consequently, suppressed. The present study examined the FBO effect (among other sibship characteristics) and recalled indicators of CGN in Samoa, a high-fertility population, whose members are relatively tolerant of male femininity. Indeed, Samoans identify feminine androphilic males as belonging to an alternative gender category, known locally as fa'afafine. The present study compared the sibship characteristics of 231 fa'afafine and 231 opposite-sex attracted men from Samoa, as well as how these characteristics related to recalled CGN. Results replicated the well-established FBO effect for predicting male sexual orientation, with each older brother increasing the odds of being androphilic by 21%. However, no relationship was found between the number of older brothers (or other siblings) a participant had and their recalled CGN. Although fa'afafine reported significantly more CGN than Samoan men, CGN did not mediate the FBO effect, nor did the FBO effect and CGN interact to predict male sexual orientation. These findings are consistent with previous studies suggesting that the FBO effect is associated with male sexual orientation, but not childhood female-typical gender expression among androphilic males.

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“…Among cisgender androphilic males, evidence for the FBOE has been found in Canada (Blanchard, 2004; Blanchard & Bogaert, 1996a; Blanchard, Cantor, Bogaert, Breedlove, & Ellis, 2006), China (Li & Wong, 2018), Greece (Apostolou, 2020), Indonesia (Nila, Barthes, Crochet, Suryobroto, & Raymond, 2018; Nila et al., 2019), 1 Italy (Camperio Ciani, Corna, & Capiluppi, 2004), the United Kingdom (King et al., 2005; Kishida & Rahman, 2015; Rahman, Clarke, & Morera, 2009; Xu, Norton, & Rahman, 2019), and the United States (Blanchard & Bogaert, 1996b, 1998; Wampold, 2018; Blanchard & Zucker, 1994; Zucker & Blanchard, 1994). Among transgender or highly femininized androphilic males, evidence for the FBOE has also been found in Brazil (VanderLaan et al., 2016), Canada (Blanchard & Sheridan, 1992; Blanchard, Zucker, Bradley, & Hume, 1995; VanderLaan, Blanchard, Wood, & Zucker, 2014), Samoa (Semenyna, VanderLaan, & Vasey, 2017; VanderLaan & Vasey, 2011; Vasey & VanderLaan, 2007), Iran (Khorashad et al., 2020), the Netherlands (Blanchard, Zucker, Cohen‐Kettenis, Gooren, & Bailey, 1996; Schagen, Delemarre‐van de Waal, Blanchard, & Cohen‐Kettenis, 2012), Spain (Gómez‐Gil et al, 2010), Turkey (Bozkurt, Bozkurt, & Sonmez, 2015), and the United Kingdom (Green, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between fraternal birth order and childhood sex‐atypical behavior among the Istmo Zapotec muxes

Jiménez

Semenyna

Vasey

2020

Developmental Psychobiology

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Research on male androphilia (i.e., sexual attraction towards adult males) consistently finds that androphilic males tend to have more older biological brothers than males who are gynephilic (i.e., sexually attracted to adult females). This fraternal birth order effect (FBOE) has been well replicated among androphilic males who present publically in a male‐typical (cisgender) and a female‐typical (transgender) manner. There is some evidence that the FBOE is more pronounced among transgender androphilic males. However, no studies have directly compared both forms of male androphilia within the same culture. This study tested the FBOE, and its association with childhood sex‐atypical behavior (CSAB), among the Istmo Zapotec of Oaxaca, Mexico, where both forms of male androphilia are referred to as a third gender, muxes. Our results indicated that both cisgender muxe nguiiu (n = 124) and transgender muxe gunaa (n = 120) were more likely to be later born among brothers than gynephilic men (n = 194). However, the number of older brothers did not differentiate between transgender and cisgender muxes, nor did it predict CSAB among muxes. These findings replicate the FBOE among both cisgender and transgender muxes but show no evidence that it is more pronounced among transgender androphilic males.

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Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio in a Population with High Fertility: Are Turkish Male to Female Transsexuals Different?

Cited by 17 publications

References 31 publications

Gender Dysphoria

Gender Dysphoria

Birth order and recalled childhood gender nonconformity in Samoan men and fa'afafine

The relationship between fraternal birth order and childhood sex‐atypical behavior among the Istmo Zapotec muxes

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