Bird bone artifact from the Late Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age site of Zók (Hungary)

Abstract

Bird bones were rarely used for production of artifacts, due to various reasons—they were much smaller and thinner than bones of mammals usually selected for tool production; they also have specific shapes and fine structure, inadequate for the majority of common artifact types. They were occasionally used for some specific objects, such as flutes, pipes, needle cases, and amulets. When it comes to the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age periods in south‐eastern Europe, bird bone artifacts are rare; only few have been discovered thus far. In this paper, we will present one additional finding of a bird bone artifact, from the site of Zók–Gradina, situated in present‐day Hungary. Excavations carried out in 1920 by the National Museum in Belgrade revealed a multi‐period site, with major parts of the stratigraphic sequence belonging to the Late Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age Vučedol culture (2900–2500/2400 BC). Vučedol layers yielded relatively large quantities of worked bone, including one artifact produced from a bird bone, that will be presented here. The object in question was produced from the right radius of a Cygnus sp.; it is in the shape of an elongated tube; carefully cut at both ends. The function of this item is uncertain—it may have served as some sound‐producing instrument (flute), or it was some sort of a handle or needle case. It is interesting to note that bird representations, in particular, ornithomorphic vessels, are among the specific traits of the Vučedol culture; therefore, the choice of a bird bone for the production of this artifact may have had a certain symbolic significance as well.

A cattle mandible thong‐smoother from a grave: Strap production and cattle traction in the Late Copper Age in Hungary

“…This smoother is represented by a small fragment of the corpus including the heavily rounded and smoothed M 2 and M 3 (Pleuger & Hermes, 2023). Other two Eneolithic thong‐smoothers, made from the mandibles of cattle and sheep, respectively, have been recently reported from the Eneolithic (Coțofeni‐Kostolac culture) layers of Bubanj in Serbia (Vitezović, 2020, p. 379).…”

“…Since the publication of Botai finds, several mandibular thong‐smoothers have been reported from coeval and Early to Middle Bronze Age sites in Central Asia and Central‐East Europe. They were made, however, from the mandibles of small and large ruminants such as caprines and cattle (Choyke, 1984, p. 303, 2010, p. 27, 2014, p. 312; Pleuger & Hermes, 2023; Vitezović, 2020, p. 379), and red deer (Korošec & Korošec, 1969, plate 84/20; Gál, 2017, p. 135). These specimens, though many of them were poorly preserved, also showed a greater variety concerning the working edges of smoothers according to the anatomical difference between the mandible of ruminants and horses.…”

Songs of the past ‐ papers of the 10th ICAZ Bird Working Group Meeting

“…Worked bird bones are relatively rare in assemblages. A study by Vitezović and colleagues (Vitezović et al, 2023) describes a rare bird bone artefact produced from the radius of a swan, from the Early Bronze Age site Zók in Hungary, and interprets its possible practical and ritual uses. The range of bird taxa recovered from a site, their abundance, and their body part representation provides important information about the ways birds were exploited.…”