Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates

Gold, Moritz; Cassar, Cecille Marie; Zurbrügg, Christian; Kreuzer, Michael; Boulos, Samy; Diener, Stefan; Mathys, Alexander

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.036

Cited by 186 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In recent years, mass rearing of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L., Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae (BSFL) has emerged as an additional solution for food waste recycling (Gold et al, 2018;Zurbrügg et al, 2018;Berggren et al, 2019;Varelas, 2019). BSFL convert a range of organic wastes (e.g., food waste, animal manure) and food-and agro-industry side products (e.g., breweries, food processing industry) (Nyakeri et al, 2017;Barragán-Fonseca et al, 2018;Lalander et al, 2019;Gold et al, 2020a) into larval biomass and a compost-like residue (i.e., mixture of frass and substrate). The larval biomass is rich in proteins and lipids, and thus, serves as a raw material for various applications within the food system, such as proteins and lipids in feeds for pets (Bosch et al, 2014) and livestock (e.g., fish, poultry, swine) ( Barragán-Fonseca et al, 2017;Wang and Shelomi, 2017), and processing of the larval exoskeleton into chitosan (Hahn et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues

et al. 2020

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Significant economic, environmental, and social impacts are associated with the avoidable disposal of foods worldwide. Mass-rearing of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae using organic wastes and food- and agro-industry side products is promising for recycling resources within the food system. One current challenge of this approach is ensuring a reliable and high conversion performance of larvae with inherently variable substrates. Research has been devoted to increasing rearing performance by optimizing substrate nutrient contents and ratios, while the potential of the substrate and larval gut microbiota to increase rearing performance remains untapped. Since previous research has focused on gut microbiota, here, we describe bacterial dynamics in the residue (i.e., the mixture of frass and substrate) of black soldier fly larvae reared on two food wastes (i.e., canteen and household waste). To identify members of the substrate and residue microbiota, potentially associated with rearing performance, bacterial dynamics were also studied in the canteen waste without larvae, and after inactivation by irradiation of the initial microbiota in canteen waste. The food waste substrates had similar microbiota; both were dominated by common lactic acid bacteria. Inactivation of the canteen waste microbiota, which was dominated by Leuconostoc, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus, decreased the levels of all rearing performance indicators by 31–46% relative to canteen waste with the native microbiota. In both food waste substrates, larval rearing decreased the bacterial richness and changed the physicochemical residue properties and composition over the rearing period of 12 days, and typical members of the larval intestinal microbiota (i.e., Providencia, Dysgonomonas, Morganella, and Proteus) became more abundant, suggesting their transfer into the residue through excretions. Future studies should isolate members of these taxa and elucidate their true potential to influence black soldier fly mass-rearing performance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues

et al. 2020

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“…Valorizing bulky wastes like agricultural by-products and nutritious biowaste like food industry by-products is an intricate, energy-intensive process as it requires large areas to treat and process the biomass. Poor waste management practices such as lack of organic waste sorting and segregation, complex waste collection systems, and the logistics associated with transportation and incentives for disposal in landfills are the current impediments that hinder the value realization of such biomasses [19].…”

Section: Insects As Biofactories: Nutrition Upcycling Of Food Wastesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larvae Mediated Valorization of Industrial, Agriculture and Food Wastes: Biorefinery Concept through Bioconversion, Processes, Procedures, and Products

Ravi

Degrou²,

Costil³

et al. 2020

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Each year, the food supply chain produces more than 1.3 billion tons of food and agricultural waste, which poses serious environmental problems. The loss of the massive quantity of secondary and primary metabolites retrievable from this resource is a significant concern. What if there is a global solution that caters to the numerous problems arising due to the humongous volume of waste biomass generated in every part of the world? Insects, the tiny creatures that thrive in decaying organic matter, which can concentrate the nutrients present in dilute quantities in a variety of by-products, are an economically viable option. The bioconversion and nutritional upcycling of waste biomass with insects yield high-value products such as protein, lipids, chitin and frass. Insect-derived proteins can replace conventional protein sources in feed formulations. Notably, the ability of the black soldier fly (BSF) or Hermetia illucens to grow on diverse substrates such as agri-food industry side streams and other organic waste proves advantageous. However, the data on industrial-scale extraction, fractionation techniques and biorefinery schemes for screening the nutritional potential of BSF are scarce. This review attempts to break down every facet of insect processing and analyze the processing methods of BSF, and the functional properties of nutrients obtained thereof.

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“…Currently, larvae of the black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)) are among the most promising insects reared as animal feed ( Pinotti et al 2019 ; Bosch et al 2020 ) and food ( Barroso et al 2017 ). Extensive research has been conducted on the influence of dietary nutrients on the growth of black soldier fly larvae ( Lalander et al 2013 ; Nguyen et al 2013 ; Barragán-Fonseca et al 2017 , 2018 ; Cammack and Tomberlin 2017 ; Spranghers et al 2017 ; Gold et al 2020 ). Process reliability is a major challenge in large-scale rearing of insects for animal feed markets.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Process reliability is a major challenge in large-scale rearing of insects for animal feed markets. Current process performance (e.g., larval growth, bioconversion rate) is often low or varies between diets ( Lalander et al 2018 , Nyakeri et al 2019 , Gold et al 2020 ), thus affecting day-to-day operations and sustainability ( Smetana et al 2019 ). It is therefore necessary to determine the specific nutrient requirements of black soldier fly larvae as well as their nutrient utilization.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Novel Experimental Methods for the Investigation of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae

Gold

Binggeli

Kurt³

et al. 2020

Journal of Insect Science

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Large-scale insect rearing for food and feed production can be improved by understanding diet digestion and host–microbe interactions. To examine these processes in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae, two protocols were developed. Protocol 1 describes a method to produce viable, sterile black soldier fly larvae and a gentle method for diet sterilization. Sterile black soldier fly larvae can be used to study the diverse role of microbes in larval development. Nutrient requirements of sterile black soldier fly larvae are met only through diet. Viable sterile black soldier fly larvae were consistently generated using a four-step treatment with alternating immersions of eggs for 2 min each in ethanol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (0.6%), over two cycles. A nonthermal method of diet sterilization, namely high-energy electron beam (HEEB) treatment, was introduced. Subsequently, growth of sterile black soldier fly larvae was observed on the HEEB-treated diets (40, 60, and 40% of replicates with poultry feed, liver pie, and an artificial diet, respectively) but not on autoclaved diets. In Protocol 2, we propose a novel method to collect frass from individual larvae. We then measured the metabolites in frass, using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results on metabolites confirmed the influence of digestion. For instance, succinate increased from 1 to 2 and 7 μmol/g sample from diet to gut homogenate and frass, respectively. The collection method is a promising tool to estimate the diet and nutrient requirements of black soldier fly larvae, thus increasing the performance and reliability of black soldier fly larvae rearing. We discuss in detail the possible applications and limitations of our methods in black soldier fly larvae research.

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Biowaste treatment with black soldier fly larvae: Increasing performance through the formulation of biowastes based on protein and carbohydrates

Cited by 186 publications

References 52 publications

Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues

Identification of Bacteria in Two Food Waste Black Soldier Fly Larvae Rearing Residues

Larvae Mediated Valorization of Industrial, Agriculture and Food Wastes: Biorefinery Concept through Bioconversion, Processes, Procedures, and Products

Novel Experimental Methods for the Investigation of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae

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