Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department

Adalja, Amesh A.

doi:10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.011

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The first one is antibiotic resistance. Drug resistant microbes are contributing to the rise of infection-related deaths [8,9], authorizations of new antibiotics are failing, and there is rising worry about the advent of bioterrorism agents [10] that may be difficult to treat with conventional therapies. The second one is the awareness that sepsis is a time-dependent syndrome whose optimal management consists of a prompt diagnosis, early and systematic application of evidence-based standard of care, and rapid address to higher level of care when appropriate [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAMPs and DAMPs in Sepsis: A Review of Their Molecular Features and Potential Clinical Implications

Cicchinelli,

Pignataro,

Gemma

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Sepsis is a serious organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated immune host reaction to a pathogen. The innate immunity is programmed to react immediately to conserved molecules, released by the pathogens (PAMPs), and the host (DAMPs). We aimed to review the molecular mechanisms of the early phases of sepsis, focusing on PAMPs, DAMPs, and their related pathways, to identify potential biomarkers. We included studies published in English and searched on PubMed® and Cochrane®. After a detailed discussion on the actual knowledge of PAMPs/DAMPs, we analyzed their role in the different organs affected by sepsis, trying to elucidate the molecular basis of some of the most-used prognostic scores for sepsis. Furthermore, we described a chronological trend for the release of PAMPs/DAMPs that may be useful to identify different subsets of septic patients, who may benefit from targeted therapies. These findings are preliminary since these pathways seem to be strongly influenced by the peculiar characteristics of different pathogens and host features. Due to these reasons, while initial findings are promising, additional studies are necessary to clarify the potential involvement of these molecular patterns in the natural evolution of sepsis and to facilitate their transition into the clinical setting.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAMPs and DAMPs in Sepsis: A Review of Their Molecular Features and Potential Clinical Implications

Cicchinelli,

Pignataro,

Gemma

et al. 2024

IJMS

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“…Deaths from drug-resistant microbial infections are increasing(1, 2), approvals of new antibiotic classes are falling(1, 2), and there are increasing concerns about engineered biothreat agents that may be difficult to treat with conventional therapeutics (3). While broad spectrum infection vaccines potentially could be used to confront challenges relating to the increase in drug-resistant bacterial infections and decrease in approvals of new antibiotics, the major antigens on bacterial cell wall surfaces are poorly immunogenic, serotype-specific polysaccharides that do not easily support vaccine production (4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modular biomaterials vaccine technology protects against multiple pathogens and septic shock

Super

Doherty²,

Cartwright³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Broad spectrum vaccines could provide a solution to the emergence of antibiotic resistant microbes, pandemics and engineered biothreat agents. Here, we describe a modular vaccine (composite infection vaccine technology (ciVAX)) which can be rapidly assembled and in which 4 of the 5 components are already approved for human use. ciVAX consists of an injectable biomaterial scaffold with factors to recruit and activate dendritic cells (DC) in vivo and microbeads conjugated with the broadspectrum opsonin Fc-Mannose-binding Lectin (FcMBL) that is pre-bound to polysaccharide-rich cell wall antigens, such as the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) fractions, captured from whole inactivated bacteria. Vaccination of mice and rabbits with ciVAX generates potent humoral and T cell responses to PAMPs isolated from native antibiotic-resistant E. coli and S. aureus, and ciVAX protects mice and pigs against lethal E coli challenge in sepsis and septic shock models. In addition to the efficacy of ciVAX against homologous challenge, PAMPS isolated from an infected animal protects other animals against infection by heterologous challenge using different E. coli serotypes -demonstrating the potential for use of ciVAX in controlling pandemics. The advantage of the ciVAX technology is the strong immunogenicity with limited reactogenicity, the use of inactivated pathogens, and the modular manufacture using cGMP approved products which can be stockpiled ready for the next pandemic.

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“…Since its discovery, MERS-COVS infection has spread to almost 27 countries. The WHO has been informed of 1769 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-COVS, with at least 630 deaths (Adalja, 2018;Hui, 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%