Biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles to rescue coccidiosis-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in the jejunum of mice

Abstract

One of the most crucial approaches for treating human diseases, particularly parasite infections, is nanomedicine. One of the most significant protozoan diseases that impact farm and domestic animals is coccidiosis. While, amprolium is one of the traditional anticoccidial medication, the advent of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria necessitates the development of novel treatments. The goal of the current investigation was to determine whether biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (Bio-SeNPs) using Azadirachta indica leaves extract might treat mice with Eimeria papillata infection in the jejunal tissue. Five groups of seven mice each were used, as follows: Group 1: Non-infected-non-treated (negative control). Group 2: Non-infected treated group with Bio-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg of body weight). Groups 3-5 were orally inoculated with 1×103 sporulated oocysts of E. papillata. Group 3: Infected-non-treated (positive control). Group 4: Infected and treated group with Bio-SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg). Group 5: Infected and treated group with the Amprolium. Groups 4 and 5 daily received oral administration (for 5 days) of Bio-SeNPs and anticoccidial medication, respectively, after infection. Bio-SeNPs caused a considerable reduction in oocyst output in mice feces (97.21%). This was also accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of developmental parasitic stages in the jejunal tissues. Glutathione reduced (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were dramatically reduced by the Eimeria parasite, whereas, nitric oxide (NO) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were markedly elevated. The amount of goblet cells and MUC2 gene expression were used as apoptotic indicators, and both were considerably downregulated by infection. However, infection markedly increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and the apoptotic genes (Caspase-3 and BCL2). Bio-SeNPs were administrated to mice to drastically lower body weight, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and apoptotic indicators in the jejunal tissue. Our research thus showed the involvement of Bio-SeNPs in protecting mice with E. papillata infections against jejunal damage.

Persea americana extract protects intestinal tissue from Eimeria papillata-induced murine Infection

“…In this study, the death of jejunal cells in the infected mice was evidenced by a significant observation of the pro-apoptotic markers of caspase-3. This agreed with Dkhil et al [ 24 ], Metwaly et al [ 15 ], and Abdel-Gaber et al [ 25 ], who reported that parasite invasion and replication may cause considerable stress to the host cells which triggered apoptosis for the infected intestinal cells. Treatment of infected mice with PAE significantly reduced the rate of caspase-3 and improved the apoptotic changes in jejunal cells, this agreed with those stated the anti-apoptotic activity of avocado extracts of Bonilla-Porras et al [ 72 ], Abozaid et al [ 73 ], and El-Magd et al [ 74 ].…”

Krameria lappacea root extract’s anticoccidial properties and coordinated control of CD4 T cells for IL-10 production and antioxidant monitoring

“…( 57 ), and Abdel-Gaber et al. ( 5 ) that Eimeria ’s infective sporozoite stages, causing free radical overproduction and increased ROS production, resulting in lipid peroxidation. ROS causes pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to be released, either directly or indirectly promoting inflammation due to Eimeria infection.…”

“…The host may consequently suffer from diarrhea, malabsorption, inadequate weight gain, and overall poor performance ( 4 ). Also, coccidiosis leads to immune dysfunction and increases susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, as it disrupts the balance of intestinal microflora ( 5 ).…”

Effect of biosynthesized nanoselenium using Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) leaf extracts against Eimeria papillata infection

“…The groups included an uninfected‐untreated control (Group 1), an uninfected‐treated with BNS (0.5 mg/kg mice weight) (Group 2), and infected‐untreated control with 1 × 10 3 E. papillata oocysts (Group 3). Group 4 was infected, and then after 60 min, treated with a daily dose of BNS 0.5 mg/kg, for 5 days, according to Abdel‐Gaber et al (2023). Group 5 was infected and treated with Amprolium at 120 mg/kg (Amproxine 20%, Gulf Veterinary Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), according to Abdel‐Gaber et al (2023).…”

“…Group 4 was infected, and then after 60 min, treated with a daily dose of BNS 0.5 mg/kg, for 5 days, according to Abdel‐Gaber et al (2023). Group 5 was infected and treated with Amprolium at 120 mg/kg (Amproxine 20%, Gulf Veterinary Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), according to Abdel‐Gaber et al (2023). On day 5 p.i., fresh fecal pellets were collected from infected untreated and treated groups to estimate the suppression of oocyst shedding was calculated as follows: 100 − (oocysts output in the treated group/oocysts output in the infected group) × 100, according to Dkhil et al (2015).…”