Biosynthesis pathways of ginkgolides

Zeng, Zihan; Zhu, Jianhua; Chen, Lili; Wen, Wei; Yu, Rongming

doi:10.4103/0973-7847.112848

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Vascular plants are unique because they retain and use both pathways (Lange et al, 2000;Laule et al, 2003). To date, diterpenoids such as ginkgolides in ginkgo plant are derived from IPP through the MEP pathway (Zeng et al, 2013;Zhao et al, 2013). However, feeding studies by Schwarz (1994) demonstrated that ginkgolides in non-green cultures of G. biloba are derived from the labeled substrates of 13 Cmevalonate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Characterization and Transcriptional Profiling of Ginkgo biloba Mevalonate Diphosphate Decarboxylase Gene (GbMVD) Promoter Towards Light and Exogenous Hormone Treatments

Liao

Huang

et al. 2015

Plant Mol Biol Rep

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Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (GbMVD) of Ginkgo biloba catalyzes the final step of mevalonic acid pathway by converting the six-carbon mevalonate diphosphate into isopentenyl diphosphate, a precursor of ginkgolides and bilobalide collectively termed terpene trilactones (TTLs). This paper presents the isolation of a 1.2-kb fragment (designated as GbMVDpro) of the 5′-flanking region of GbMVD. Extensive sequence analysis revealed the presence of evolutionarily conserved putative cis-acting elements in lightregulated transcription, hormone signaling (abscisic acid, jasmonate, and salicylic acid), and plant defense (W-box/ WRKY) in the GbMVD promoter region. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis suggested possible involvement of W-box in GbMVD promoter function. To assess the organ-specific and environmentally responsive characteristics of GbMVD expression, GbMVDpro was fused to GUS reporter gene. GbMVDpro::GUS was introduced into tobacco. Histological analysis of the transgenic tobacco showed that GUS mainly localized in the leaf epidermis, stem secondary xylem, and root vasculature. These observations closely correlated with the previously reported presence of GbMVD transcripts in the roots, stems, and leaves. Further functional characterizations in transiently transformed tobacco leaves allowed us to identify the region that can be considered as the minimal promoter. Light and hormonal signals (i.e., ethephon, salicylic acid, and methyl jasmonate) induced the activity of GbMVDpro-driven GUS in transgenic tobacco and enhanced the transcription of GbMVD as well as TTL production in ginkgo seedlings. These results, together with the bioinformatic analysis of GbMVDpro, suggest that the GbMVD promoter harbored a numerous TTL biosynthesis-related cis-elements that regulate the flux of terpenoid precursors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Characterization and Transcriptional Profiling of Ginkgo biloba Mevalonate Diphosphate Decarboxylase Gene (GbMVD) Promoter Towards Light and Exogenous Hormone Treatments

Liao

Huang

et al. 2015

Plant Mol Biol Rep

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“…Ginkgo biloba has several cardioprotective effects, including improvement of atherosclerosis due to their ability to block platelet-activating factor and platelet aggregation in rats (Zeng et al, 2013;Huang et al, 2014).…”

Section: In Vivo Preclinical Evaluation Of Ginkgo Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

et al. 2020

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a significant health burden with an ever-increasing prevalence. They remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The use of medicinal herbs continues to be an alternative treatment approach for several diseases including CVDs. Currently, there is an unprecedented drive for the use of herbal preparations in modern medicinal systems. This drive is powered by several aspects, prime among which are their cost-effective therapeutic promise compared to standard modern therapies and the general belief that they are safe. Nonetheless, the claimed safety of herbal preparations yet remains to be properly tested. Consequently, public awareness should be raised regarding medicinal herbs safety, toxicity, potentially lifethreatening adverse effects, and possible herb-drug interactions. Over the years, laboratory data have shown that medicinal herbs may have therapeutic value in CVDs as they can interfere with several CVD risk factors. Accordingly, there have been many attempts to move studies on medicinal herbs from the bench to the bedside, in order to effectively employ herbs in CVD treatments. In this review, we introduce CVDs and their risk factors. Then we overview the use of herbs for disease treatment in general and CVDs in particular. Further, data on the ethnopharmacological therapeutic potentials and medicinal properties against CVDs of four widely used plants, namely Ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, are gathered and reviewed. In particular, the employment of these four plants in the context of CVDs, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and dyslipidemias has been reviewed, analyzed, and critically discussed. We also endeavor to document the recent studies aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular cardio-protective mechanisms of the four plants, using recently reported in vitro and in vivo studies. Finally, we reviewed and reported the results of the

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“…It has been proposed that Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) might have positive effects on hyperglycemia. This plant extract mainly contains around 24% flavonoid glycosides and 6% terpenoids, including A, B, C, M, J, P, and Q ginkgolides [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginkgo biloba Extract Improves Insulin Signaling and Attenuates Inflammation in Retroperitoneal Adipose Tissue Depot of Obese Rats

Hirata

Banin

Dornellas

et al. 2015

Mediators of Inflammation

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Due to the high incidence and severity of obesity and its related disorders, it is highly desirable to develop new strategies to treat or even to prevent its development. We have previously described that Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) improved insulin resistance and reduced body weight gain of obese rats. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of GbE on both inflammatory cascade and insulin signaling in retroperitoneal fat depot of diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed with high fat diet for 2 months and thereafter treated for 14 days with 500 mg/kg of GbE. Rats were then euthanized and samples from retroperitoneal fat depot were used for western blotting, RT-PCR, and ELISA experiments. The GbE treatment promoted a significant reduction on both food/energy intake and body weight gain in comparison to the nontreated obese rats. In addition, a significant increase of both Adipo R1 and IL-10 gene expressions and IR and Akt phosphorylation was also observed, while NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and TNF-α levels were significantly reduced. Our data suggest that GbE might have potential as a therapy to treat obesity-related metabolic diseases, with special interest to treat obese subjects resistant to adhere to a nutritional education program.

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Biosynthesis pathways of ginkgolides

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Characterization and Transcriptional Profiling of Ginkgo biloba Mevalonate Diphosphate Decarboxylase Gene (GbMVD) Promoter Towards Light and Exogenous Hormone Treatments

Characterization and Transcriptional Profiling of Ginkgo biloba Mevalonate Diphosphate Decarboxylase Gene (GbMVD) Promoter Towards Light and Exogenous Hormone Treatments

Herbal Medicine for Cardiovascular Diseases: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Safety

Ginkgo biloba Extract Improves Insulin Signaling and Attenuates Inflammation in Retroperitoneal Adipose Tissue Depot of Obese Rats

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