Biosynthesis of Pectin

Harholt, Jesper; Suttangkakul, Anongpat; Scheller, Henrik Vibe

doi:10.1104/pp.110.156588

Cited by 481 publications

(343 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…QUASIMODO1 (QUA1)/GAUT8 was also implicated in HG backbone synthesis due to the observation that the qua1 mutant showed decreased activity of HG GalA transferase (Bouton et al, 2002;Orfila et al, 2005). However, there have been no studies on the synthesis of the RG-I backbone, and no candidate GTs involved in this process have yet been reported (Harholt et al, 2010). A recent report suggests a possible role for GAUT11 in seed mucilage pectin biosynthesis ), but further experiments are needed to verify whether GAUT11 is a candidate GT participating in RG-I backbone synthesis.…”

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“…Because of the complexity of pectin, more than 50 GTs are predicted to be required for pectin synthesis (Mohnen, 2008). Recently, several putative GTs involved in the biosynthesis of different pectins have been identified using mutational and/or biochemical approaches (for review, see Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al, 2010). Among these genes, GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE1 (GAUT1) has been shown to encode a functional galacturonosyltransferase (GalAT; Sterling et al, 2006) and acts in a complex with GAUT7 to synthesize the HG backbone (Atmodjo et al, 2011).…”

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GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

et al. 2013

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The function of a putative galacturonosyltransferase from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; At1g02720; GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 [AtGATL5]) was studied using a combination of molecular genetic, chemical, and immunological approaches. AtGATL5 is expressed in all plant tissues, with highest expression levels in siliques 7 DPA. Furthermore, its expression is positively regulated by several transcription factors that are known to regulate seed coat mucilage production. AtGATL5 is localized in both endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, in comparison with marker proteins resident to these subcellular compartments. A transfer DNA insertion in the AtGATL5 gene generates seed coat epidermal cell defects both in mucilage synthesis and cell adhesion. Transformation of atgatl5-1 mutants with the wild-type AtGATL5 gene results in the complementation of all morphological phenotypes. Compositional analyses of the mucilage isolated from the atgatl5-1 mutant demonstrated that galacturonic acid and rhamnose contents are decreased significantly in atgatl5-1 compared with wild-type mucilage. No changes in structure were observed between soluble mucilage isolated from wild-type and mutant seeds, except that the molecular weight of the mutant mucilage increased 63% compared with that of the wild type. These data provide evidence that AtGATL5 might function in the regulation of the final size of the mucilage rhamnogalacturonan I.

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GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

et al. 2013

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“…They are complex GalA-containing polysaccharides composed of homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I and II, and xylogalacturonan (Mohnen, 2008). HG is typically the most abundant polysaccharide, constituting approximately 65% of the pectin (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al, 2010). HG is a linear homopolymer of 1,4-linked GalA and is synthesized in the Golgi in a highly methylesterified form (Caffall and Mohnen, 2009).…”

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“…HG is a linear homopolymer of 1,4-linked GalA and is synthesized in the Golgi in a highly methylesterified form (Caffall and Mohnen, 2009). Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylesterify HG in the apoplast (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al, 2010). Demethylesterification of pectin is considered to be important for mechanical strength of cell walls, because blockwise deesterified pectin can form calcium bonds that promote the formation of so-called egg-box structures and thus supramolecular pectic gels (Jarvis, 1984;Liners et al, 1989).…”

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Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

et al. 2013

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Pectins, major components of dicot cell walls, are synthesized in a heavily methylesterified form in the Golgi and are partially deesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs) upon export to the cell wall. PME activity is important for the virulence of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Here, the roles of Arabidopsis PMEs in pattern-triggered immunity and immune responses to the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola and the bacterial hemibiotroph Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola ES4326 (Pma ES4326) were studied. Plant PME activity increased during pattern-triggered immunity and after inoculation with either pathogen. The increase of PME activity in response to pathogen treatment was concomitant with a decrease in pectin methylesterification. The pathogen-induced PME activity did not require salicylic acid or ethylene signaling, but was dependent on jasmonic acid signaling. In the case of induction by A. brassicicola, the ethylene response factor, but not the MYC2 branch of jasmonic acid signaling, contributed to induction of PME activity, whereas in the case of induction by Pma ES4326, both branches contributed. There are 66 PME genes in Arabidopsis, suggesting extensive genetic redundancy. Nevertheless, selected pme single, double, triple and quadruple mutants allowed significantly more growth of Pma ES4326 than wild-type plants, indicating a role of PMEs in resistance to this pathogen. No decreases in total PME activity were detected in these pme mutants, suggesting that the determinant of immunity is not total PME activity; rather, it is some specific effect of PMEs such as changes in the pattern of pectin methylesterification.The plant cell wall determines cell shape, facilitates cell-cell interaction, and provides mechanical strength to plant cells. De Bary (1886) first observed that a plant pathogen, Sclerotina sclerotiorum, degraded host cell walls during infection. Later, it was concluded that plant cell walls act as preformed structural barriers against pathogen entry, because it was noticed that many plant pathogens produced various types of cell wall-degrading enzymes and that some of those were required for optimal infection of host plants (Albersheim et al., 1969).Arabidopsis mesophyll cells are surrounded by primary cell walls consisting of three major components: cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Pectins make up approximately 50% of Arabidopsis leaf cell walls (Zablackis et al., 1995;Harholt et al., 2010). They are complex GalA-containing polysaccharides composed of homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan I and II, and xylogalacturonan (Mohnen, 2008). HG is typically the most abundant polysaccharide, constituting approximately 65% of the pectin (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al., 2010). HG is a linear homopolymer of 1,4-linked GalA and is synthesized in the Golgi in a highly methylesterified form (Caffall and Mohnen, 2009). Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) demethylesterify HG in the apoplast (Mohnen, 2008;Harholt et al., 2010). Demethylesterification of pectin is considered t...

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Plant Cell Walls

Srivastava

McKee

Bulone

2017

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Common to all plant species, the cell wall is the tough outer coat that protects the plant cell. The cell wall is mostly carbohydrate‐based, comprising three major classes of polysaccharides: cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. There are also important structural proteins as well as phenolic and aliphatic polymers. The cell wall provides mechanical strength to the plant body, allowing upright growth and structure formation, and also plays important roles in cellular processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation, intercellular communication, water movement and defence responses against pests or pathogens. Cell walls may even be involved in signal sensing during pattern formation in plant development. Key Concepts The cell wall is the outermost layer of the plant cell. The cell wall consists essentially of three major types of carbohydrates – cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins – and proteins. Some specialised cell wall types, for example woody cell walls also contain phenolic and aliphatic polymers in addition to carbohydrate polymers. The cell wall is a dynamic structure whose composition changes during cell, tissue and plant development and in response to various stresses. The cell wall provides mechanical strength to the plant body. The cell wall plays important roles in processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation, intercellular communication, water movement and defence responses against pests or pathogens.

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Biosynthesis of Pectin

Cited by 481 publications

References 100 publications

GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE5 Is Involved in the Production of Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage

Arabidopsis PECTIN METHYLESTERASEs Contribute to Immunity against Pseudomonas syringae

Plant Cell Walls

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