Plant Cell Walls

Srivastava, Vaibhav; McKee, Lauren S.; Bulone, Vincent

doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001682.pub3

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The plant cell wall is a dynamic and highly controlled structure that is essential for growth and development (Srivastava et al, 2017). The molecular mechanisms behind synthesis and modifications of the plant cell wall, and how these modifications are communicated to the plant cell, are only partially understood.…”

Section: The Plant Cell Wall: More Than a Passive Defensive Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cell wall‐mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses

et al. 2018

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Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems integrate different signals into overreaching triggering pathways which coordinate developmental and defence-associated responses. The plant cell wall, a dynamic and complex structure surrounding every plant cell, has emerged recently as an essential component of plant monitoring systems, thus expanding its function as a passive defensive barrier. Plants have a dedicated mechanism for maintaining cell wall integrity (CWI) which comprises a diverse set of plasma membrane-resident sensors and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs perceive plant-derived ligands, such as peptides or wall glycans, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs function as 'danger' alert signals activating DAMP-triggered immunity (DTI), which shares signalling components and responses with the immune pathways triggered by non-self microbe-associated molecular patterns that mediate disease resistance. Alteration of CWI by impairment of the expression or activity of proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis and/or remodelling, as occurs in some plant cell wall mutants, or by wall damage due to colonization by pathogens/pests, activates specific defensive and growth responses. Our current understanding of how these alterations of CWI are perceived by the wall monitoring systems is scarce and few plant sensors/PRRs and DAMPs have been characterized. The identification of these CWI sensors and PRR-DAMP pairs will help us to understand the immune functions of the wall monitoring system, and might allow the breeding of crop varieties and the design of agricultural strategies that would enhance crop disease resistance.

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Section: The Plant Cell Wall: More Than a Passive Defensive Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant cell wall‐mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses

et al. 2018

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“…Glucans represent a group of widely distributed polysaccharides, mainly found in the extracellular layers of numerous phylogenetic groups across the tree of life (Latgé and Calderone, 2006; McIntosh et al , 2005; Mélida et al , 2013; Srivastava et al , 2017). These include a wide variety of structures, mainly with β‐linkages, although α‐linked glucans also occur in many species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell wall‐derived mixed‐linked β‐1,3/1,4‐glucans trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants

et al. 2021

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Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is activated in plants upon recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of damage-and microbe-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and MAMPs) derived from plants or microorganisms, respectively. To understand better the plant mechanisms involved in the perception of carbohydrate-based structures recognized as DAMPs/MAMPs, we have studied the ability of mixed-linked b-1,3/1,4-glucans (MLGs), present in some plant and microbial cell walls, to trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants. A range of MLG structures were tested for their capacity to induce PTI hallmarks, such as cytoplasmic Ca 2+ elevations, reactive oxygen species production, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and gene transcriptional reprogramming. These analyses revealed that MLG oligosaccharides are perceived by Arabidopsis thaliana and identified a trisaccharide, b-D-cellobiosyl-(1,3)-b-D-glucose (MLG43), as the smallest MLG structure triggering strong PTI responses. These MLG43-mediated PTI responses are partially dependent on LysM PRRs CERK1, LYK4 and LYK5, as they were weaker in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 mutants than in wild-type plants. Cross-elicitation experiments between MLG43 and the carbohydrate MAMP chitohexaose [b-1,4-D-(GlcNAc) 6 ], which is also perceived by these LysM PRRs, indicated that the mechanism of MLG43 recognition could differ from that of chitohexaose, which is fully impaired in cerk1 and lyk4 lyk5 plants. MLG43 treatment confers enhanced disease resistance in A. thaliana to the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and in tomato and pepper to different bacterial and fungal pathogens. Our data support the classification of MLGs as a group of carbohydrate-based molecular patterns that are perceived by plants and trigger immune responses and disease resistance.

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“…However, PRR/glycan interaction is a field in expansion as glycans are cell surface components of major plant pathogens like fungi, oomycete and bacteria (MAMPs) and they are also present in the plant cell walls and can be released as oligosaccharides (DAMPs) (Bacete et al ., 2018; Wanke et al ., 2020a). On the other hand, one of the reasons explaining the slow progress of this field is the diversity (thus complexity) of glycan ligands in terms of composition: (i) over 20 different monosaccharides can form the backbone and/or ramification building blocks of glycans through a high diversity of glycosidic linkages; (ii) glycans can differ in the degree of polymerization (DP); and (iii) monosaccharides can have different biochemical decorations (e.g., acetylation and methylation) and chemical modifications (e.g., reduction/oxidation) (Carpita and McCann, 2000; Latgé and Calderone, 2006; Mélida et al ., 2013; Srivastava et al ., 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational prediction method to decipher receptor–glycoligand interactions in plant immunity

et al. 2021

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Microbial and plant cell walls have been selected by the plant immune system as a source of microbe-and plant damage-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs/DAMPs) that are perceived by extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering immune responses. From the vast number of ligands that PRRs can bind, those composed of carbohydrate moieties are poorly studied, and only a handful of PRR/glycan pairs have been determined. Here we present a computational screening method, based on the first step of molecular dynamics simulation, that is able to predict putative ECD-PRR/ glycan interactions. This method has been developed and optimized with Arabidopsis LysM-PRR members CERK1 and LYK4, which are involved in the perception of fungal MAMPs, chitohexaose (1,4-b-D-(GlcNAc) 6) and laminarihexaose (1,3-b-D-(Glc) 6). Our in silico results predicted CERK1 interactions with 1,4-b-D-(GlcNAc) 6 whilst discarding its direct binding by LYK4. In contrast, no direct interaction between CERK1/laminarihexaose was predicted by the model despite CERK1 being required for laminarihexaose immune activation, suggesting that CERK1 may act as a co-receptor for its recognition. These in silico results were validated by isothermal titration calorimetry binding assays between these MAMPs and recombinant ECDs-LysM-PRRs. The robustness of the developed computational screening method was further validated by predicting that CERK1 does not bind the DAMP 1,4-b-D-(Glc) 6 (cellohexaose), and then probing that immune responses triggered by this DAMP were not impaired in the Arabidopsis cerk1 mutant. The computational predictive glycan/PRR binding method developed here might accelerate the discovery of protein-glycan interactions and provide information on immune responses activated by glycoligands.

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Plant Cell Walls

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

Plant cell wall‐mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses

Plant cell wall‐mediated immunity: cell wall changes trigger disease resistance responses

Cell wall‐derived mixed‐linked β‐1,3/1,4‐glucans trigger immune responses and disease resistance in plants

Computational prediction method to decipher receptor–glycoligand interactions in plant immunity

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