Biosynthesis of cell walls of fungi.

Farkas, Vladimir

doi:10.1128/mmbr.43.2.117-144.1979

Cited by 196 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 168 publications

(268 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, we demonstrated that W(}.4-binding sites are indeed associated with oligomers or polymers of chitin since the control experiments successfully abolished the labelling only when the lectin was incubated with N. N', Af"-triacetylchitotriose (a short oligomer of chitin). This observation is in agreement with the general observation that chitin is present in cell walls of the majority of filamentous fungi (Bartnicki-Garcia, 1968;Farkas, 1979).…”

Section: S C U S S I O Nsupporting

confidence: 92%

High resolution cytochemical study of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal association, Glomus clarum×Allium porrum

1990

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SUMMARYRoots of leek, colonized or not by Glomus clarum Nicolson & Schenck, were ultrastructurally examined for the presence of difTerent sugars using lectin-gold complexes. A^-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), A^-acetyl-Dgalactosamine (GalNAc), i,-fucose (L-FUC), D-mannose (D-Man) and sialic acid sugar residues were localized in various cellular components of the mycorrhizal fungus. GlcNAc, GalNAc, D-Man and sialic acid residues were localized in the colonized host, particularly in the plasmalemma and cytoplasm surrounding the arbuscular hyphae. The same sugars were not present in the non-colonized host. These results indicated that the production of these sugars had been triggered during the plant-fungus association. In the interfacial matrix, GalNAc and DGalactose (D-Gal) residues were present in moderate amounts. In cell walls and protoplasm of non-colonized and colonized hosts, mainly D-Gal was detected. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was cytochemically localized in the fungus and host by means of a RNAse-gold complex. Of interest, was the specific localization of RNA in the granular wall layer of vesicles. The ultracytochemical results are discussed in relation to host-symbiont interaction, along with speculations on the function and significance of these macromolecules.

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Section: S C U S S I O Nsupporting

confidence: 92%

High resolution cytochemical study of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal association, Glomus clarum×Allium porrum

1990

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“…Chitin and chitosan are biosynthetically related and are essential wall components of a wide variety of yeasts and fungi. Both are derived from UDP-GlcNAc (Bartnicki-Garcia, 1968;Farkas, 1979). In S. cerevisiae, chitin fulfils an essential role in cell proliferation, as it is needed in wild-type cells to form the chitin ring, the primary septum and eventually the bud scar remaining on the mother cell after cytokinesis (Cabib et al, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DIT101 (CSD2, CAL1), a cell cycle‐regulated yeast gene required for synthesis of chitin in cell walls and chitosan in spore walls

Pammer

Briza

Ellinger³

et al. 1992

Yeast

129

194

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A mutant screen has been designed to isolate mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in spore wall dityrosine. As shown by electron microscopy, most of the mutant spores lacked only the outermost, dityrosine-rich layer of the spore wall. Mutant dit101, however, was additionally lacking the chitosan layer of the spore wall. Chemical measurements showed that this mutant does not synthesize chitosan during sporulation. The mutant spores were viable but sensitive to lytic enzymes (glusulase or zymolyase). Unlike most of the dit-mutants, dit101 did show a distinctive phenotype in vegetative cells: they grew normally but contained very little chitin and were therefore resistant to the toxic chitin-binding dye, Calcofluor White. The cells showed barely detectable staining of the walls with Calcofluor White or primulin. The decrease in the amount of chitin in vegetative cells and the absence of chitosan in spores suggested that the mutant dit101 could be defective in a chitin synthase. Indeed, a genomic yeast clone harboring the gene, CSD2, sharing significant sequence similarity with yeast chitin synthases I and II (C. E. Bulawa (1992), Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 1764-1776), complemented our mutant and was shown to correspond to the chromosomal locus of dit101. Thus, the mutations dit101 and csd2 (and probably also call; M. H. Valdivieso et al., (1991), J. Cell Biol. 114, 101-109) were shown to be allelic. The gene was mapped to chromosome II and was located about 3 kb distal of GAL1. Using this DNA clone, a transcript of about 3500-4000 nucleotides was detected. Comparing RNA isolated from vegetative cells and from sporulating cells at different times throughout the sporulation process, no significant differences in DIT101 transcript levels could be detected indicating absence of sporulation-specific transcriptional regulation. However, the amount of DIT101 transcript changed significantly at different stages of the mitotic cell cycle, peaking after septum formation, but before cytokinesis. As most of the chitin synthesis of vegetative cells occurs at this stage of the cell division cycle, chitin synthesis mediated by DIT101 could be primarily regulated at the level of transcription in vegetatively growing cells.

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“…6-methoxymellein has previously been considered as an effective phytoalexin (Davies & Lewis, 1981;Goodliffe & Heale, 1978) (Coté & Hahn, 1994). The β-1,3-glucanases show their inhibitory efficacy against plant pathogens by hydrolysing β-1,3-glucans available in fungal cell walls (Farkas, 1979) which can induce resistance by biological and chemical elicitors (Aleandri, Reda, Tagliavento, Magro, & Chilosi, 2010;El-Borollosy & Oraby, 2012;Li, Xu, Zhang, & Cai, 2004). The peroxidases increase the resistance of plants against phytopathogens through reinforcement of cell wall done by catalysing lignification, and creation of toxic surroundings for the pathogen (Passardi, Cosio, Penel, & Dunand, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory efficacy of different essential oils against storage carrot rot with antifungal and resistance‐inducing potential

Ojaghian

Xie

Zhang

2019

Journal of Phytopathology

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The inhibitory effects of essential oils (EOs) derived from coriander, lavender, geranium, thyme, savoury and eucalyptus were assessed against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of carrot white mould. All EOs showed antifungal activity against the pathogen in vitro and in vivo. In addition, all EOs markedly increased 6‐methoxymellein in the treated carrots. The EOs of thyme and savoury were found to be more effective than other tested EOs. The enzymatic tests showed that thyme and savoury EOs were more able than lavender EO to significantly increase the level of chitinases, peroxidases, β‐1,3‐glucanases, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase in the treated carrots, indicating that the EOs of thyme and savoury have potential to be considered as effective inducers of resistance against carrot white mould. In this study, all EOs inhibited myceliogenic and carpogenic germination of sclerotia at concentrations 1 and 10 µl/ml sterile distilled water, respectively. After gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, major component in the thyme EO was found to be thymol (39.15%) followed by p‐cymene (13.85%) and carvacrol (10.36%), while in savoury EO were carvacrol (41.9%), γ‐terpinene (17.38) and p‐cymene (11.25%).

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Biosynthesis of cell walls of fungi.

Cited by 196 publications

References 168 publications

High resolution cytochemical study of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal association, Glomus clarum×Allium porrum

High resolution cytochemical study of the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal association, Glomus clarum×Allium porrum

DIT101 (CSD2, CAL1), a cell cycle‐regulated yeast gene required for synthesis of chitin in cell walls and chitosan in spore walls

Inhibitory efficacy of different essential oils against storage carrot rot with antifungal and resistance‐inducing potential

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