Biosynthesis of adipic acid via microaerobic hydrogenation of cis,cis-muconic acid by oxygen-sensitive enoate reductase

Direct 1,3-butadiene biosynthesis in Escherichia coli via a tailored ferulic acid decarboxylase mutant

“…To meet these requirements, cultivation of 1,3-butadiene-producing strains under microaerobic conditions is done. 53,54 Although anaerobic conditions are needed to maintain FDC enzymatic activity, aerobic conditions are required for ccMA production and FDC activation. To change from aerobic to anaerobic conditions of cultivation, we can use microaerobic cultivation in a packed bottle.…”

Advances in bio‐based production of dicarboxylic acids longer than C4

“…2H) [119,120]. The maximal titer of adipate was 27.6 mg/L in E. coli and 2.6 mg/L in S. cerevisiae [119,120].…”

“…However, the bioconversion of cis,cis-muconic acid to adipate used to be a main obstacle for direct synthesis of adipate from renewable sources using this pathway. The maximal titer of adipate was 27.6 mg/L in E. coli and 2.6 mg/L in S. cerevisiae [119,120]. 2H) [119,120].…”

“…Various P450 monoxygenases, oxidoreductases and esterases have been identified responsible for conversion of the terminal methyl to carboxyl group in carboxylic acids, and have been engineered with superior catalytic activity with an expanding substrate spectrum [18][19][20]. (A) ω-Oxidation, the ω-oxidation reactions converting the methyl group to a carboxylic group at the ω-position of carboxylic acids [17,19,20], FAS, fatty acid synthase; (B) AMV pathway, aminovalerate pathway started from L-lysine to yield glutarate [25][26][27][28], 2-KG, α-ketoglutarate, L-Glu, L-glutamate; (C) C+1 elongation, the C1 elongation pathway started from α-ketoglutarate (AKG) to yield α-ketoadipate (AKA) or α-ketopimelate (AKP) [29,30]; α-Keto decarboxylation and oxidation, the α-ketoacid decarboxylation pathway started from AKA or AKP to yield glutarate or adipate [31,32]; (D), α-Keto reduction, the α-ketoacid reduction pathway started from AKG to yield glutarate [34]; (E) Reversal β-oxidation, the reversal β-oxidation pathway started from the condensation of acetyl-CoA and acyl-CoA (C = n) to yield free fatty acid (C = n+2) [40][41][42][44][45][46]; (F) PKSs, engineered polyketide synthase (PKS)-based pathway started from the condensation of succinyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA to yield adipate [49]; (G) Biotin-fatty acid pathway, the engineered biotin synthetic pathway by removing the activity for biotin synthesis (BioH) and overexpression of specific thioesterase to yield odd-chain DCAs [51], SAM, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, SAH, S-adenosylhomocysteine; Muconic acid pathway, a extended muconic acid biosynthetic pathway converting cis, cis-muconic acid into adipate [119,120] . For example, an engineered pathway for the synthesis of medium chain carboxylic acids (C6-C10) was recently established ( Fig.…”

“…Recently, two enoate reductases from C. acetobutylicum and Bacillus coagulans were identified and expressed in E. coli and S. cerevisiae respectively, resulting the functional biocatalysis of cis,cis-muconic acid to adipate (Fig. 2H) [119,120]. The maximal titer of adipate was 27.6 mg/L in E. coli and 2.6 mg/L in S. cerevisiae [119,120].…”