The C6 dicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, is an important platform chemical in industry. Biobased production of adipic acid is a promising alternative to the current petrochemical route. Here, we report biosynthesis of adipic acid using an artificial pathway inspired by the reversal of beta-oxidation of dicarboxylic acids. The biosynthetic pathway comprises condensation of acetyl-CoA and succinyl-CoA to form the C6 backbone and subsequent reduction, dehydration, hydrogenation, and release of adipic acid from its thioester. The pathway was first tested in vitro with reconstituted pathway enzymes and then functionally introduced into Escherichia coli for the biosynthesis and excretion of adipic acid into the culture medium. The production titer was increased by approximately 20-fold through the combination of recruiting enzymes that were more suitable to catalyze the synthetic reactions and increasing availability of the condensation substrates. This work demonstrates direct biosynthesis of adipic acid via non-natural synthetic pathway, which may enable its renewable production.
There was a high proportion of primary caregivers self-medicate antibiotics for children in urban China, despite their insufficient knowledge about antibiotic use. Public health initiatives are needed such as public education campaigns and stricter government regulation of antibiotic use and availability in community pharmacies.
SUMMARYStroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Prevention aimed at risk factors of stroke is the most effective strategy to curb the stroke pandemic. Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for stroke. Despite the substantial evidence of the benefits of lowering blood pressure, conventional treatment does not normalize the burden of major cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Fully understanding the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke helps to develop new strategies for stroke prevention. Antihypertensive therapies selected should have positive blood pressureindependent effects on stroke risk. This review summarizes the factors involved in the hypertension-induced stroke, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and arterial baroreflex dysfunction, and potential strategies for its prevention, therefore, provides clues for clinicians.
Our results demonstrated that ABR deficiency could attenuate angiogenesis in ischaemic myocardium. These findings provide further mechanistic basis for enhancing baroreflex function in the treatment of MI.
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